Impact de l’âge sur les effets de la caféine sur la vigilance chez les sujets jeunes et d’âge moyen

La grande disponibilité et les propriétés psychostimulantes de la caféine en font l’un des psychostimulants les plus consommés mondialement. Sa capacité à augmenter la vigilance serait reliée à son action antagoniste des récepteurs adénosinergiques. Le vieillissement s'accompagne de changements dans les mécanismes de régulation de la vigilance, y compris le système adénosinergique, qui pourraient moduler les effets de la caféine. Alors que plusieurs études ont investigué les impacts de la caféine sur la vigilance chez une population jeune, peu ont identifié les effets chez une population plus âgée. Deux protocoles expérimentaux pouvant distinguer les effets différentiels de la caféine selon l’âge ont été élaborés. La première étude a évalué les effets de 200 mg de caféine sur la vigilance, comparée à un placebo, chez une population jeune et d’âge moyen lors d’une privation de sommeil de 25 heures. L’augmentation de la vigilance subjective et de la performance psychomotrice suite à l’administration de caféine est comparable dans les deux groupes d’âge. Or, des modifications de la puissance spectrale de certaines bandes de fréquences de l’EEG d’éveil suite à l’administration de la caféine sont spécifiques au groupe d’âge moyen. Une deuxième étude a évalué les effets de 200 mg de caféine sur la vigilance, comparée à un placebo, chez des sujets jeunes et d’âge moyen consommateurs légers de caféine. La caféine n’a pas augmenté la vigilance subjective des consommateurs légers. Par ailleurs, la caféine a augmenté la performance psychomotrice de façon similaire dans les deux groupes d’âge. De plus, on remarque que la caféine induit des modifications de la puissance spectrale sur certaines bandes de fréquences à l’EEG chez le groupe d’âge moyen uniquement. Ces travaux suggèrent tout d’abord que la caféine tend à augmenter la vigilance, peu importe le niveau basal d’alerte. De plus, malgré l’absence d’effet subjectif de la caféine sur la vigilance, les consommateurs légers de caféine montrent des effets sur les mesures objectives de la vigilance. Bien que la caféine augmente la vigilance chez les deux groupes d’âge, la spécificité de certaines modifications relevées à l’EEG suggère une augmentation de la sensibilité à la caféine selon l’âge. Il est possible qu’il existe des changements du système adénosinergique au cours du vieillissement qui sous-tendent les effets différentiels de la caféine au cours du vieillissement.The availability and psychoactive properties of caffeine make it one of the most widely consumed behaviourally active substances in the world. The capacity of caffeine to increase vigilance relies on its antagonist action on adenosine receptors. Aging is associated with changes in the mechanisms regulating vigilance, possibly through changes in the adenosinergic system which could in turn affect eh influence of caffeine. While extensive research identified the impacts of caffeine on vigilance in young populations, few studies have investigated the effects in an older population. Two experimental protocols which can highlight the differential effects of caffeine according to age were elaborated. The first study estimated the effects of 200 mg of caffeine on vigilance, compared with a placebo, in young and middle-aged subjects during 25 hours of sleep deprivation. Caffeine increased subjective and psychomotor measures similarly in young and middle-aged subjects. However, modifications of the spectral power in some frequencies bands after caffeine ingestion were specific to the middle-aged group. The second study focused on the effects of 200 mg of caffeine on vigilance, compared with a placebo, in young and middle-aged light caffeine consumers. Caffeine did not increase subjective alertness in light consumers but enhanced psychomotor performance similarly in both age groups. Furthermore, caffeine affected waking EEG spectral power in specific frequencies bands in the middle-aged group only. In conclusion, these results suggest that caffeine enhance vigilance when basal level of alertness is either high or low. Furthermore, light consumers show effects of caffeine on subjective vigilance but not on objective measures. In spite of an increase of alertness in both age groups, some modifications found in the waking EEG of middle-aged subjects suggest a differential effect of caffeine depending on age. It is possible to hypothesize that changes in the adenosinergic system occur during aging and these changes could explain our results

Memory for public events in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease : the importance of rehearsal

Ribot’s law refers to the better preservation of remote memories compared with recent ones that presumably characterizes retrograde amnesia. Even if Ribot-type temporal gradient has been extensively studied in retrograde amnesia, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), this pattern has not been consistently found. One explanation for these results may be that rehearsal frequency rather than remoteness accounts for the better preservation of these memories. Thus, the aim of present study was to address this question by studying retrograde semantic memory in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) (n = 20), mild AD (n = 20) and in healthy older controls (HC; n = 19). In order to evaluate the impact of repetition as well as the impact of remoteness, we used a test assessing memory for enduring and transient public events that occurred in the recent and remote past. Results show no clear temporal gradient across time periods (1960–1975; 1976–1990; 1991–2005; 2006–2011), but a better performance was observed in all three groups for enduring compared with transient events. Moreover, although deficits were globally found in both patients groups compared with HC, more specific analyses revealed that aMCI patients were only impaired on transient events while AD patients were impaired on both transient and enduring events. Exploratory analyses also revealed a tendency suggesting preservation of remote transient events in aMCI. These findings are discussed with regards to memory consolidation models

The impact of time and repeated exposure on famous person knowledge in amnestic Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

Objective: Famous people knowledge has been shown to be impaired early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). However, the question of whether recently acquired knowledge is more impaired than remotely acquired knowledge remains a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns of semantic memory impairment in aMCI and AD by investigating two factors that may influence the retrieval of such knowledge, namely remoteness and frequency of repetition of information over time. Method: Three groups (19 controls, 20 aMCI and 20 AD patients) were compared on a test assessing general and specific biographical knowledge about famous people, where the period of acquired fame (remote vs recent) and the type of fame (enduring vs transient) were controlled for. Results: Global performance of aMCI and AD patients was significantly poorer than that of controls. However, different patterns of recall were observed as a function of time and type of fame. A temporal gradient was found in both patient groups for enduring names but not for transient ones, whereby knowledge about remote enduring famous persons was better recalled. Patients were more impaired at questions assessing specific biographical knowledge (unique to an individual) than more general knowledge. Conclusions: Tests of famous people knowledge offer a unique opportunity to investigate semantic deficits in aMCI and AD, because they make it possible to estimate the time at which memories were acquired, as well as the type of fame. Results are discussed in light of memory consolidation models. Keywords

L’évaluation de la mémoire rétrograde dans la population québécoise âgée: Le PUB-40 et le PUB-12

L’évaluation de la mémoire représente une partie importante du travail des neuropsychologues cliniciens œuvrant en gériatrie. En effet, au Canada, environ le tiers des aînés rapporte une plainte mnésique dont les causes sont variées. Selon l’étiologie, différentes composantes du système mnésique peuvent être atteintes, toutefois, l’évaluation de la mémoire rétrograde non autobiographique (publique ou sémantique) n’est souvent effectuée que de manière superficielle, puisqu’aucun outil d’évaluation fiable, valide et standardisé n’est disponible pour la population québécoise vieillissante. Les objectifs de cette recherche étaient donc (1) d’élaborer un protocole d’évaluation de la mémoire rétrograde non autobiographique spécifiquement adapté à cette population, le PUB-40, (2) de recueillir des données de référence auprès de 105 participants âgés sains et (3) de développer une version abrégée à partir des items permettant de discriminer un groupe de 20 patients atteints de troubles cognitifs légers de type amnésique (TCLa) des participants âgés sains