Heat shock protein A2 is a novel extracellular vesicle-associated protein

70-kDa Heat Shock Proteins (HSPA/HSP70) are chaperones playing a central role in the proteostasis control mechanisms. Their basal expression can be highly elevated as an adaptive response to environmental and pathophysiological stress conditions. HSPA2, one of poorly characterised chaperones of the HSPA/HSP70 family, has recently emerged as epithelial cells differentiation-related factor. It is also commonly expressed in cancer cells, where its functional significance remains unclear. Previously, we have found that proteotoxic stress provokes a decrease in HSPA2 levels in cancer cells. In the present study we found that proteasome inhibition-related loss of HSPA2 from cancer cells neither is related to a block in the gene transcription nor does it relate to increased autophagy-mediated disposals of the protein. Proteotoxic stress stimulated extracellular release of HSPA2 in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Interestingly, EVs containing HSPA2 are also released by non-stressed cancer and normal cells. In human urinary EVs levels of HSPA2 were correlated with the levels of TSG101, one of the main EVs markers. We conclude that HSPA2 may constitute basic components of EVs. Nevertheless, its specific role in EVs and cell-to-cell communication requires further investigation

Influence of PPARγ agonists and polymorphism Pro12 Ala on blood pressure values in patients with type 2 diabetes. Initial coverage

Wstęp Receptor aktywowany przez proliferatory peroksysomów &#947; (PPAR&#947;, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&#947;) jest czynnikiem transkrypcyjnym o szerokim spektrum działania. Zaburzenia jego ekspresji, uwarunkowane wariantami polimorficznymi genu, są nierzadko odpowiedzialne za otyłość, insulinooporność, a także nadciśnienie tętnicze. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu agonisty receptora PPAR&#947; (roziglitazon) na wartości ciśnienia tętniczego u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 w zależności od polimorfizmu Pro12Ala receptora PPAR&#947;. Materiał i metody U 45 pacjentów z niewyrównaną metabolicznie cukrzycą typu 2 i insulinoopornością, leczonych pochodnymi sulfonylomocznika i metforminą, dołączono roziglitazon w dawce 4 mg/d. U wszystkich chorych oznaczono polimorfizm Pro12Ala [SnaPshot; ABI PRISM310]. Przed i po 22-tygodniowej terapii roziglitazonem dokonano oceny wartości ciśnienia tętniczego (średnia z 3 pomiarów). Pozostałe badania wykonano za pomocą rutynowych metod laboratoryjnych. Wyniki U 12 osób ustalono genotyp Pro12Ala, a u 33 chorych genotyp Pro12Pro. Po zastosowanej terapii stwierdzono istotne statystycznie obniżenie ciśnienia skurczowego (przed leczeniem: 145,35 &#177; 20,25 mm Hg vs. po leczeniu: 139,40 &#177; 15,39 mm Hg; p < 0,045). Składowa rozkurczowa również uległa obniżeniu, jednak w stopniu nieistotnym statystycznie (przed leczeniem: 86,37 &#177; 10,77 vs. po leczeniu: 83,73 &#177; 10,19 [mm Hg]; p = 0,170). Uwzględniając genotyp badanych, obniżenie ciśnienia tętniczego obserwowano jedynie u pacjentów posiadających jeden zmutowany allel (p < 0,023). U pacjentów z genotypem Pro12Pro nie wykazano istotnego statystycznie zmniejszenia wartości ciśnienia tętniczego (p = 0,307). Wnioski 1. Egzogenna stymulacja receptora PPAR&#947; przebiega z istotnym spadkiem skurczowych wartości ciśnienia tętniczego. 2. Efekt hipotensyjny rozyglitazonu dotyczy przede wszystkim chorych z genotypem Pro12Ala.Background PPAR&#947; is a transcriptor factor with wide spectrum activity. Its expression disorders, connected with polymorphic variants, are responsible for obesity, insulin resitance and also hypertension. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of PPAR&#947; agonist (roziglitazon) and polymorphism Pro12Ala of this receptor on blood pressure values in type 2 diabetes Material and methods In 45 patients, who were treated sulfonylurea and metformin with inadequate metabolic control and insulin resitance, rosiglitazone 4 mg per day was administered. Polymorphism Pro12Ala was estimated [SnaPshot; ABI PRISM310]. In 45 patients with type 2 diabetes before and following 22 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy blood pressure valuses were estimated (mean of three measurments). Other tests were conducted using routine lab tests. Results A heterozygous genotyp Pro12Ala was found in 12 patients and and a homozygous genotyp Pro12Pro in 33 patients. Following rosiglitazone therapy a statistically significant downward tendency of systolic blood pressure valuses was noted (before: 145.35 &#177; 20.25 mm Hg vs. after: 139.40 &#177; 15.39 mm Hg; p < 0.045 ). A downward tendency of diastolic blood pressure valuses was observed as well, but it did not achieve significance level (before: 86.37 &#177; 10.77 vs. after: 83.73 &#177; 10.19 [mm Hg]; p = 0.170). Blood pressure reduction was noted only in patients with genotype Pro12Ala PPAR&#947; (p < 0.023). A statistically significant downward tendency of blood pressure was not noted in patients with Pro12Pro genotype (p = 0.307). Conclusions 1. Exogenous stimulation of PPAR&#947; receptor is connected with statistically significant downward tendency of systolic blood pressure values. 2. Hypotensive effect of rosiglitazone appears first in all patients with Pro12Ala genotype

Impact of marathon performance on muscles stiffness in runners over 50 years old

IntroductionThe research examines the relationship between marathon performance and muscle stiffness changes from pre to marathon in recreational runners aged 50+ years.MethodsThirty-one male long-distance runners aged 50–73 years participated in the experiment. The muscle stiffness of quadriceps and calves was measured in two independent sessions: the day before the marathon and 30 min after the completed marathon run using a Myoton device.Results and DiscussionThe 42.195-km run was completed in 4.30,05 h ± 35.12 min, which indicates an intensity of 79.3% ± 7.1% of HRmax. The long-term, low-intensity running exercise (marathon) in older recreational runners and the low level of HRmax and VO2max showed no statistically significant changes in muscle stiffness (quadriceps and calves). There was reduced muscle stiffness (p = 0.016), but only in the triceps of the calf in the dominant (left) leg. Moreover, to optimally evaluate the marathon and adequately prepare for the performance training program, we need to consider the direct and indirect analyses of the running economy, running technique, and HRmax and VO2max variables. These variables significantly affect marathon exercise

18th-century geography handbooks as sources in the research on the development of the Polish geographical vocabulary

This paper presents a fragment of research on the history of the Polish geographical vocabulary. In the 18th century, geography became a separate discipline of modern knowledge and, in consequence, also an independent school subject. Handbooks are valuable sources in analysing discipline-related lexis, in particular in the period when this word resource was formed in the Polish language. This paper discusses various methods of introducing and explaining geographical vocabulary that are applied in handbooks, and the characteristics of the lexis of those days, such as vague distinctions of semantic scopes of lexemes, lack of stabilisation of the resource. The examinations of the material enable the observation of the evolving crystallisation process of the Polish geographical vocabulary. Handbooks have undoubtedly played a signifi cant role in popularising geographical lexis

The Contribution of the Selected Adhesion Molecules to the Pathogenesis of the Endothelium Injury at the Diabetes and Arterial Hypertension Patients

Wstęp: W procesie uszkodzenia śródbłonka naczyniowego główną rolę przypisuje się mechanizmom immunologiczno-zapalnym. Uszkodzone i krążące we krwi obwodowej komórki endotelium (EC) stały się obiektywnym wskaźnikiem odzwierciedlającym stopień uszkodzenia śródbłonka w różnych stanach patologicznych. Cząsteczki adhezyjne (CAM) z rodziny selektyn mają zasadnicze znaczenie we wstępnej fazie adhezji leukocytów do endotelium. Metody: Badaniami objęto 48 chorych na cukrzycę z prawidłową funkcją nerek, u których nie zaobserwowano przewlekłego niedokrwienia obwodowego III i IV okresu, chorych od 1 do 15 lat. Wyodrębniono chorych na cukrzycę typu 1 oraz na cukrzycę typu 2 - z prawidłowymi wartościami ciśnienia tętniczego krwi oraz ze współistniejącym nadciśnieniem. Analizowano krew tętniczą i żylną. Liczbę krążących komórek śródbłonka (EC) wyznaczono metodą immunologiczną według Sbarbati. Rozpuszczalne cząsteczki adhezyjne (selektyny L, P, E ) oznaczono metodą ELISA. Wyniki: Nie wykazano istotnych różnic analizownych parametrów pomiędzy krwią tętniczą i żylną. Uszkodzenie śródbłonka przebiegało ze znamiennym wzrostem stężenia selektyny E. Stwierdzono wzrost krążących EC u wszystkich chorych na cukrzycę i nadciśnienie tętnicze oraz selektyn L i P w cukrzycy typu 1 ze współistniejącym nadciśnieniem. Nie wykazano wpływu nadciśnienia na stężenie selektyny E. W cukrzycy typu 2 nadciśnienie powodowało wzrost stężenia selektyny P i E Wnioski: Pomiar krążących EC wyraźnie różnicuje dwa podstawowe typy cukrzycy, a stopień uszkodzenia śródbłonka jest zależny od współistniejącego nadciśnienia tętniczego. Wzrost stężenia selektyny L i P we krwi jest proporcjonalny do stopnia dokonanego uszkodzenia ściany naczyniowej. W cukrzycy typu 1 granica wieku około 30 lat jest istotnym momentem, ważnym dla postępu destrukcyjnych zmian w śródbłonku, zależnych od czasu trwania choroby. Wzrost stężenia selektyny E we krwi jest charakterystyczny dla osób młodych chorych na cukrzycę typu 1 i jest w niewielkm stopniu zależny od współistniejącego nadciśnienia tętniczego.Background In the process of the damage of the vascular endothelium the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms have a crucial role. The damage and circulating in the peripheral blood endothelial cells (EC) have became an objective index, reflecting the degree of the endothelium damage in different pathological states. The adhesion molecules (CAM) from the selectine family have got an essential role in the primary stage of the leukocyte adhesion on endothelium. Methods We examined 48 diabetes patients (IDDM and NIDDM) - with the normal functionning of the kidneys and without the 3rd and 4th period of the chronic arterial ischaemia, with the illness duration of 1 to 15 years. In each group we selected the patients -with the normal values of arterial blood pressure and with the co-existing hypertension. Both arterial and venous blood was analyzed. The number of circulating endothelial cells (EC) was established using the immunological method after Sbarbati. The soluble adhesion molecules (selectines L, P, E) were estimated with the method ELISA. Results We did not show any significant differences in the analyzed parametres between the arterial and venous blood. The damage of the endothelium, given as the increase of the number of circulating EC was processing in the signif icant increase of the concentration of the selectines E. The increase of the selectine L was shown with the number of circulating EC > 1 cell/ml, while of the selectine P in all cases. We found an increase of circulating EC with all the diabetes and arterial hypertension patients, and an increase of the selectines L and P in diabetes type 1 with the hypertension in a confrontation with normotension diabetics. No influence of hypertension on the concentration of the selectines P and E was found. Conclusions The measure of the circulating EC distinguishes significantly two basic types of diabetes, and the dynamics and the degree of the endothelium damage stays significantly dependent from the coexisting arteriar hypertension. The increase of the concentration of the selectine L and in blood is proportional to the degree of the damage of the vascular wall, dominating in diabetes t. 2. In diabetes type 1 the age border about 30 years is the crucial moment, decisive for the progression of the destructive changes in endothelium, dependent on the illness duration. The increase of the selectine E in blood is characteristic for young people with diabetes t.l and it is dependent from the coexisting arteriar hypertension in a small degree only

Elektroniczny Korpus Tekstów Polskich z XVII i XVIII w. – problemy teoretyczne i warsztatowe

This paper presents the Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts (KorBa) – a large (13.5-million), annotated historical corpus available online. Its creation was modelled on the assumptions of the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), yet the specifi c nature of the historical material enforced certain modifi cations of the solutions applied in NKJP, e.g. two forms of text representation (transliteration and transcription) were introduced, the principle of designating foreign-language fragments was adopted, and the tagset was adapted to the description of the grammatical structure of the Middle Polish language. The texts collected in KorBa are diversified in chronological, geographical, stylistic, and thematic terms although, due to e.g. limited access to the material, the postulate of representativeness and sustainability of the corpus was not fully implemented. The work on the corpus was to a large extent automated as a result of using natural language processing tools

Barokowa polszczyzna w internecie, czyli Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku

BAROQUE POLISH IN THE INTERNET OR THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF POLISH IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES In 2021, the Electronic Dictionary of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries (e-SXVII) was given the 4th edition Award of the Linguistics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of linguistics. The award was granted in the category of team work carried out by Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński PhD together with the Studio of the History of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries IJP PAN under his management, where e-SXVII is being created. The dictionary has been recognized as “an achievement in producing linguistic resources or tools”. The article reports on the history of the studio and introduces the evolution of conceptual works, especially after the decision to suspend further publication of SXVII in paper form (2004) and transform it into the first Polish dictionary created initially in the electronic form. It also deals with detailed issues regarding the canon of sources, structure and content (shape) of individual elements of the entry and media structure, and relations with other digital collections (especially the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th Centuries). The authors of the article also describe an important IT tool created for the needs of this dictionary

RAGE and ADAM17 genes expression in peripheral blood monocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Implications of rosiglitazone therapy

Wstęp. Cukrzyca jest chorobą metaboliczną, predysponującą do rozwoju poważnych zaburzeń sercowo-naczyniowych. W warunkach hiperglikemii i insulinooporności kluczową rolę odgrywają obwodowe monocyty, ulegające aktywacji i stymulujące arterosklerozę. Celem pracy była ocena ekspresji genów białek RAGE (receptor końcowych produktów glikacji białek) i ADAM17 (dezintegryna i metaloproteinaza 17) w monocytach krwi obwodowej u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 podczas terapii rozyglitazonem. Materiał i metody. U 45 pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2 wyizolowano monocyty z krwi obwodowej i metodą reakcji polimerazy łańcuchowej w czasie rzeczywistym (RT-PCR) oceniono ekspresję genów białek RAGE i ADAM17 przed i po 22-tygodniowym leczeniu rozyglitazonem (ABI Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System). Ekspresję genów pacjentów kalibrowano względem 22 zdrowych ochotników. Pozostałe badania wykonano rutynowymi metodami laboratoryjnymi. Wyniki. Oceniając ilość genu w stosunku do zdrowej grupy kontrolnej, wykazano ekspresję genu ADAM17 u 78% pacjentów, a genu RAGE u 71% chorych. Po leczeniu rozyglitazonem nie obserwowano istotnej statystycznie zmiany produkcji obu genów (log RQ ADAM17 przed leczeniem 1,34 &#177; 1,11 vs. po leczeniu 1,20 &#177; 0,94; p = 0,464 oraz odpowiednio dla log RQ RAGE 0,986 &#177; 1,02 vs. 1,17 &#177; 0,96; p = 0,675). Po terapii rozyglitazonem uzyskano istotną redukcję stężenia HbA1c (przed leczeniem 7,32 &#177; 1,76 vs. po leczeniu 6,69 &#177; 1,02; p < 0,039). Wnioski. Terapia rozyglitazonem i poprawa wyrównania metabolicznego choroby nie wpływa na ekspresję ADAM17 i RAGE w monocytach krwi obwodowej. Acta Angiol 2011; 17, 1: 98&#8211;108Background. Diabetes is a metabolic disease which predisposes to serious cardiovascular disorders. Peripheral blood monocytes play a major role in the setting of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, when they undergo activation and stimulate atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of RAGE (receptor of advanced glycation end products) and ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) genes in peripheral blood monocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes during rosiglitazone therapy. Material and methods. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood samples taken before and after 22 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy, from 45 patients with type 2 diabetes. Expression of RAGE and ADAM17 genes was assessed with RT-PCR (ABI Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System). Gene expression in the study group was determined in comparison with patterns obtained from 22 healthy volunteers. Others tests were conducted by means of routine lab assays. Results. ADAM17 gene expression was detected in 78% of patients and RAGE gene in 71% in the study group as compared to control group. Rosiglitazone therapy did not result in a significant change in both genes&#8217; expression (log RQ for ADAM17 before treatment 1.34 &#177; 1.11 vs. after treatment 1.20 &#177; 0.94; p = 0.464, and log RQ for RAGE 0.986 &#177; 1.02 vs. 1.17 &#177; 0.96; p = 0.675). Significant HbA1c reduction was observed after rosiglitazone therapy (before treatment 7.32 &#177; 1.76% vs. after treatment 6.69 &#177; 1.02%; p = 0.039). Conclusions. Rosiglitazone therapy and improved glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes does not influence expression of ADAM17 and RAGE genes in peripheral blood monocytes. Acta Angiol 2011; 17, 1: 98&#8211;10

The execution of the profession of a psychologist in selected European Union Member States and Norway

The paper presents information on the legal regulation of the profession of a psychologist in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Portugal, and Norway. In the European Union law that profession is covered by the so-called general system of recognition of professional qualifications. The article examines legal provisions regulating the profession, the qualification and educational requirements, and the conditions for practising psychology in the above-mentioned countries