QED radiative corrections to the decay pi^0 to e^+e^-

We reconsider QED radiative corrections (RC) to the $\pi^{0}\to e^{+}e^{-}$ decay width. One kind of RC investigated earlier has a renormalization group origin and can be associated with the final state interaction of electron and positron. It determines the distribution of lepton pair invariant masses in the whole kinematic region. The other type of RC has a double-logarithmic character and is related to almost on-mass-shell behavior of the lepton form factors. The total effect of RC for the $\pi^{0}\to e^{+}e^{-}$ decay is estimated to be 3.2% and for the decay $\eta \to e^{+}e^{-}$ is 4.3%.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Vacuum condensates and the pion wave functions in the nonlocal chiral model

We use the simple instanton motivated Nambu Jona-Lasinio - type model to calculate a twist 3 pseudoscalar pion light cone wave function. Using normalisation condition for this wave function we calculate the quark condensate and also the gluon condensate, which agree with the phenomenological values for these quantities. Since we can compute also the k_T^2 dependence of the light cone wave functions, we calculate k_T^2 moments of the pseudo-scalar and axial-vector wave functions which are related to the mixed vacuum condensates. This allows us to extract the condensates and compare them with existing estimates.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures; three new paragraphs added: one (in sec. IV) discusses the relation between quark and gluon condensates, the other two (in secs. I and VI) clarify the difference between the normalisation scale Q_0, at which the condensates are evaluated, and the model parameter Lambda; new references added; to be published in Phys. Rev.

Comparative analysis of the effect of stimulation with a binaural beat and similar kinds of sounds on the falling asleep process: A brief note

Beats are the physical phenomenon appearing when two oscillation processes of close frequencies are superimposed. In acoustics, there is also the concept of binaural beats, a subjective feeling of the listener when acoustic tones of slightly different frequencies are applied separately to each ear. Commercial products based on the effect of binaural beats enjoy steady popularity in the market of the modern technological tools for psycho- and physiotherapy. In particular, they are applied to improve sleep. But it is the objective evaluation of the physiologic effect of binaural beats on the sleep onset process that has very little evidence for support. This paper provides comparative analysis of the time to fall asleep determined by the onset of the second daytime sleep stage (sleep spindle appearance). The subjects listened to a monotonous sound of three similar kinds: a combination of binaural beats with pink noise, a similar sound with a combination of monaural beats, and a similar sound without any beat. Stimulation by the combination of binaural beats is shown to produce the least sleep onset time as compared to the similar sound containing monaural beats and to the similar sound without beats. Further investigation is required to obtain results that are more consistent. © 2017, Allerton Press, Inc

Процесс засыпания у людей при прослушивании различных видов монотонного звука: пилотное исследование

Development of non-invasive sleep-aid tools requires paying attention to techniques reducing and stabilizing fall-asleep time. Otherwise, all attempts to affect posterior sleep make no sense. The aim of current study was to compare effectiveness of listening through stereo earphones to three types of monotonous sound as one of those techniques. Namely, the sound engendering so-called "binaural beats" (BB), the sound containing ordinary ("monaural") beats (MB) and the sound containing pure tones without beats (imitation, IM) were applied. Methods. Data collected by polysomnographic record (EEG and eye movements) of falling asleep process of 14 subjects during listening to those three sound types then were analyzed to compare the fall-asleep time corresponding to each type. Results. The fall-asleep time during BB-stimulation was less than during IM in 10 subjects from 14; during MB-stimulation - in 5 subjects from 14. The fall-asleep time in BB-stimulation series was significantly (p < 0.05) less than in IM-series. MB-stimulation series contained no significant differences in fall-asleep time from IM-series. Conclusion. Binaural beat stimulation gives rise to the least fall-asleep time beside the sound containing ordinary (monaural) beats as well as monotonous beatless sound.При разработке неинвазивных средств улучшения сна человека необходимо уделять внимание методам уменьшения и стабилизации времени засыпания, иначе попытки воздействовать на дальнейший сон теряют смысл. Целью данного исследования было сравнение эффективности, в качестве такого метода, прослушивания через стереонаушники трёх видов монотонного звука, а именно: звука, порождающего так называемые «бинауральные» биения (ББ), звука, содержащего обычные («монауральные») биения (МБ), и звука, состоящего из чистых тонов без биений (имитации, ИМ). Методы. Производился анализ полисомнографических данных (ЭЭГ и движений глаз), полученных в процессе засыпания 14 испытуемых при прослушивании этих трёх видов звука, и сравнивалось соответствующее каждому виду время засыпания. Результаты. При ББ-стимуляции время засыпания по сравнению с ИМ было меньше у 10 испытуемых из 14; при МБ-стимуляции - у 5 испытуемых из 14. Время засыпания в серии с ББ-стимуляцией статистически значимо (p < 0,05) меньше, чем в ИМ-серии. Значимых отличий времени засыпания в серии с МБ-стимуляцией по сравнению с ИМ нет. Вывод. Стимуляция бинауральными биениями даёт наименьшее время засыпания как по сравнению со звуком, содержащим обычные акустические (монауральные) биения, так и по сравнению с монотонным звуком без биений

Comparative analysis of the effect of stimulation with a binaural beat and similar kinds of sounds on the falling asleep process: A brief note

Beats are the physical phenomenon appearing when two oscillation processes of close frequencies are superimposed. In acoustics, there is also the concept of binaural beats, a subjective feeling of the listener when acoustic tones of slightly different frequencies are applied separately to each ear. Commercial products based on the effect of binaural beats enjoy steady popularity in the market of the modern technological tools for psycho- and physiotherapy. In particular, they are applied to improve sleep. But it is the objective evaluation of the physiologic effect of binaural beats on the sleep onset process that has very little evidence for support. This paper provides comparative analysis of the time to fall asleep determined by the onset of the second daytime sleep stage (sleep spindle appearance). The subjects listened to a monotonous sound of three similar kinds: a combination of binaural beats with pink noise, a similar sound with a combination of monaural beats, and a similar sound without any beat. Stimulation by the combination of binaural beats is shown to produce the least sleep onset time as compared to the similar sound containing monaural beats and to the similar sound without beats. Further investigation is required to obtain results that are more consistent. © 2017, Allerton Press, Inc

Процесс засыпания у людей при прослушивании различных видов монотонного звука: пилотное исследование

Development of non-invasive sleep-aid tools requires paying attention to techniques reducing and stabilizing fall-asleep time. Otherwise, all attempts to affect posterior sleep make no sense. The aim of current study was to compare effectiveness of listening through stereo earphones to three types of monotonous sound as one of those techniques. Namely, the sound engendering so-called "binaural beats" (BB), the sound containing ordinary ("monaural") beats (MB) and the sound containing pure tones without beats (imitation, IM) were applied. Methods. Data collected by polysomnographic record (EEG and eye movements) of falling asleep process of 14 subjects during listening to those three sound types then were analyzed to compare the fall-asleep time corresponding to each type. Results. The fall-asleep time during BB-stimulation was less than during IM in 10 subjects from 14; during MB-stimulation - in 5 subjects from 14. The fall-asleep time in BB-stimulation series was significantly (p < 0.05) less than in IM-series. MB-stimulation series contained no significant differences in fall-asleep time from IM-series. Conclusion. Binaural beat stimulation gives rise to the least fall-asleep time beside the sound containing ordinary (monaural) beats as well as monotonous beatless sound.При разработке неинвазивных средств улучшения сна человека необходимо уделять внимание методам уменьшения и стабилизации времени засыпания, иначе попытки воздействовать на дальнейший сон теряют смысл. Целью данного исследования было сравнение эффективности, в качестве такого метода, прослушивания через стереонаушники трёх видов монотонного звука, а именно: звука, порождающего так называемые «бинауральные» биения (ББ), звука, содержащего обычные («монауральные») биения (МБ), и звука, состоящего из чистых тонов без биений (имитации, ИМ). Методы. Производился анализ полисомнографических данных (ЭЭГ и движений глаз), полученных в процессе засыпания 14 испытуемых при прослушивании этих трёх видов звука, и сравнивалось соответствующее каждому виду время засыпания. Результаты. При ББ-стимуляции время засыпания по сравнению с ИМ было меньше у 10 испытуемых из 14; при МБ-стимуляции - у 5 испытуемых из 14. Время засыпания в серии с ББ-стимуляцией статистически значимо (p < 0,05) меньше, чем в ИМ-серии. Значимых отличий времени засыпания в серии с МБ-стимуляцией по сравнению с ИМ нет. Вывод. Стимуляция бинауральными биениями даёт наименьшее время засыпания как по сравнению со звуком, содержащим обычные акустические (монауральные) биения, так и по сравнению с монотонным звуком без биений

Genetic-based signatures of the latitudinal differences in chronotype

The natural cycles of night and day, and their length, remain stable in near-equatorial African regions but they vary with latitude and season in Eurasia. This new environmental factor might shape the adaptation of circadian rhythms of Eurasians after the out-of-African dispersal of their African ancestors. To identify the genetic-based signatures of this adaptation, geographic variation in allele frequencies of more than 2300 genetic variants was analyzed using data from 5 African and 11 Eurasian populations of the 1000 Genomes Project. The genetic signatures of latitude-dependent polygenic selection were found more frequently within non-coding DNA regions associated with morningness–eveningness in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) than among polymorphisms hinted by GWASs of other traits/diseases and among polymorphisms sampled from pseudogenes and from protein-coding regions in either circadian clock genes or reference genes. Some of such variants were located within the introgressions of the Neanderthal’s genome into the genomes of Eurasians. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Grou

ОБЛЕГЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ЗАСЫПАНИЯ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ЗВУКОВЫХ БИНАУРАЛЬНЫХ БИЕНИЙ

Binaural beats is acoustical illusion arising when two sound signals of close frequencies are listened through stereo headphones. Using the EEG method, it was proved that sounds containing binaural beats can facilitate sleep onset. The data obtained are important to develop devices for non-invasive treatment of sleep disorders and to develop various objective control tools for vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers as well as a number of other responsible professions.Бинауральные биения представляют собой акустическую иллюзию, возникающее при прослушивании через стереонаушники двух звуковых сигналов, близких по частоте. С помощью метода ЭЭГ установлено, что звуки, содержащие бинауральные биения способны индуцировать сон. Полученные данные имеют важное значение для разработки устройств немедикаментозной коррекции нарушений сна и средств объективного контроля состояния у лиц, управляющих различными транспортными средствами, авиадиспетчеров и ряда других ответственных специальностей

Genetic-based signatures of the latitudinal differences in chronotype

The natural cycles of night and day, and their length, remain stable in near-equatorial African regions but they vary with latitude and season in Eurasia. This new environmental factor might shape the adaptation of circadian rhythms of Eurasians after the out-of-African dispersal of their African ancestors. To identify the genetic-based signatures of this adaptation, geographic variation in allele frequencies of more than 2300 genetic variants was analyzed using data from 5 African and 11 Eurasian populations of the 1000 Genomes Project. The genetic signatures of latitude-dependent polygenic selection were found more frequently within non-coding DNA regions associated with morningness–eveningness in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) than among polymorphisms hinted by GWASs of other traits/diseases and among polymorphisms sampled from pseudogenes and from protein-coding regions in either circadian clock genes or reference genes. Some of such variants were located within the introgressions of the Neanderthal’s genome into the genomes of Eurasians. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Grou

ОБЛЕГЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ЗАСЫПАНИЯ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ЗВУКОВЫХ БИНАУРАЛЬНЫХ БИЕНИЙ

Binaural beats is acoustical illusion arising when two sound signals of close frequencies are listened through stereo headphones. Using the EEG method, it was proved that sounds containing binaural beats can facilitate sleep onset. The data obtained are important to develop devices for non-invasive treatment of sleep disorders and to develop various objective control tools for vehicle drivers, air traffic controllers as well as a number of other responsible professions.Бинауральные биения представляют собой акустическую иллюзию, возникающее при прослушивании через стереонаушники двух звуковых сигналов, близких по частоте. С помощью метода ЭЭГ установлено, что звуки, содержащие бинауральные биения способны индуцировать сон. Полученные данные имеют важное значение для разработки устройств немедикаментозной коррекции нарушений сна и средств объективного контроля состояния у лиц, управляющих различными транспортными средствами, авиадиспетчеров и ряда других ответственных специальностей