Dualsteric Muscarinic Antagonists–Orthosteric Binding Pose Controls Allosteric Subtype Selectivity

Bivalent ligands of G protein-coupled receptors have been shown to simultaneously either bind to two adjacent receptors or to bridge different parts of one receptor protein. Recently, we found that bivalent agonists of muscarinic receptors can simultaneously occupy both the orthosteric transmitter binding site and the allosteric vestibule of the receptor protein. Such dualsteric agonists display a certain extent of subtype selectivity, generate pathway-specific signaling, and in addition may allow for designed partial agonism. Here, we want to extend the concept to bivalent antagonism. Using the phthal- and naphthalimide moieties, which bind to the allosteric, extracellular site, and atropine or scopolamine as orthosteric building blocks, both connected by a hexamethonium linker, we were able to prove a bitopic binding mode of antagonist hybrids for the first time. This is demonstrated by structure–activity relationships, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular docking studies, and molecular dynamics simulations. Findings revealed that a difference in spatial orientation of the orthosteric tropane moiety translates into a divergent M₂/M₅ subtype selectivity of the corresponding bitopic hybrids