Table3.DOCX

<p>Listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne pathogen, causes listeriosis and is widely distributed in many different environments. In a previous study, we developed a novel enrichment broth containing D-allose that allows better isolation of L. monocytogenes from samples. However, the mechanism of D-allose utilization by L. monocytogenes remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes and found that lineage II strains of L. monocytogenes can utilize D-allose as the sole carbon source for growth, but lineage I and III strains cannot. Transcriptome analysis and sequence alignment identified six genes (lmo0734 to 0739) possibly related to D-allose metabolism that are only present in the genomes of lineage II strains. Recombinant strain ICDC-LM188 containing these genes showed utilization of D-allose by growth assays and Biolog phenotype microarrays. Moreover, lmo0734 to 0736 were verified to be essential for D-allose metabolism, lmo0737 and 0738 affected the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in D-allose medium, while lmo0739 was dispensable in the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes. This is the first study to identify the genes related to D-allose metabolism in L. monocytogenes, and their distribution in lineage II strains. Our study preliminarily determined the effects of these genes on the growth of L. monocytogenes, which will benefit the isolation and epidemiological research of L. monocytogenes.</p

Image1.PDF

<p>Listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne pathogen, causes listeriosis and is widely distributed in many different environments. In a previous study, we developed a novel enrichment broth containing D-allose that allows better isolation of L. monocytogenes from samples. However, the mechanism of D-allose utilization by L. monocytogenes remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes and found that lineage II strains of L. monocytogenes can utilize D-allose as the sole carbon source for growth, but lineage I and III strains cannot. Transcriptome analysis and sequence alignment identified six genes (lmo0734 to 0739) possibly related to D-allose metabolism that are only present in the genomes of lineage II strains. Recombinant strain ICDC-LM188 containing these genes showed utilization of D-allose by growth assays and Biolog phenotype microarrays. Moreover, lmo0734 to 0736 were verified to be essential for D-allose metabolism, lmo0737 and 0738 affected the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in D-allose medium, while lmo0739 was dispensable in the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes. This is the first study to identify the genes related to D-allose metabolism in L. monocytogenes, and their distribution in lineage II strains. Our study preliminarily determined the effects of these genes on the growth of L. monocytogenes, which will benefit the isolation and epidemiological research of L. monocytogenes.</p

Table2.DOCX

<p>Listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne pathogen, causes listeriosis and is widely distributed in many different environments. In a previous study, we developed a novel enrichment broth containing D-allose that allows better isolation of L. monocytogenes from samples. However, the mechanism of D-allose utilization by L. monocytogenes remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes and found that lineage II strains of L. monocytogenes can utilize D-allose as the sole carbon source for growth, but lineage I and III strains cannot. Transcriptome analysis and sequence alignment identified six genes (lmo0734 to 0739) possibly related to D-allose metabolism that are only present in the genomes of lineage II strains. Recombinant strain ICDC-LM188 containing these genes showed utilization of D-allose by growth assays and Biolog phenotype microarrays. Moreover, lmo0734 to 0736 were verified to be essential for D-allose metabolism, lmo0737 and 0738 affected the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in D-allose medium, while lmo0739 was dispensable in the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes. This is the first study to identify the genes related to D-allose metabolism in L. monocytogenes, and their distribution in lineage II strains. Our study preliminarily determined the effects of these genes on the growth of L. monocytogenes, which will benefit the isolation and epidemiological research of L. monocytogenes.</p

Table1.DOCX

<p>Listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne pathogen, causes listeriosis and is widely distributed in many different environments. In a previous study, we developed a novel enrichment broth containing D-allose that allows better isolation of L. monocytogenes from samples. However, the mechanism of D-allose utilization by L. monocytogenes remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes and found that lineage II strains of L. monocytogenes can utilize D-allose as the sole carbon source for growth, but lineage I and III strains cannot. Transcriptome analysis and sequence alignment identified six genes (lmo0734 to 0739) possibly related to D-allose metabolism that are only present in the genomes of lineage II strains. Recombinant strain ICDC-LM188 containing these genes showed utilization of D-allose by growth assays and Biolog phenotype microarrays. Moreover, lmo0734 to 0736 were verified to be essential for D-allose metabolism, lmo0737 and 0738 affected the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in D-allose medium, while lmo0739 was dispensable in the metabolism of D-allose in L. monocytogenes. This is the first study to identify the genes related to D-allose metabolism in L. monocytogenes, and their distribution in lineage II strains. Our study preliminarily determined the effects of these genes on the growth of L. monocytogenes, which will benefit the isolation and epidemiological research of L. monocytogenes.</p

Correlation between TGD threshold and tone perception score (upper), and tone responses consistent with FS (middle) and tone responses consistent with E (lower) across both groups of subjects with SNHL (triangle) and ANSD (square).

<p>Correlation between TGD threshold and tone perception score (upper), and tone responses consistent with FS (middle) and tone responses consistent with E (lower) across both groups of subjects with SNHL (triangle) and ANSD (square).</p

Correlation between the average of pure-tone hearing thresholds (PTA) between 0.5 and 4k Hz and tone responses consistent with fine structure (left) and temporal envelope (right) for both subjects with SNHL (triangle) and ANSD (square).

<p>Correlation between the average of pure-tone hearing thresholds (PTA) between 0.5 and 4k Hz and tone responses consistent with fine structure (left) and temporal envelope (right) for both subjects with SNHL (triangle) and ANSD (square).</p

The Q_10dB values of psychophysical tuning curves for subjects with NH, with SNHL, and with ANSD.

<p>The horizontal lines of the box represent 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles and the whiskers represent the range of the data. Individual subjects are represented by the solid dot.</p

Correlation between tone perception score and tone responses that were consistent with FS (left) and E (right) for subjects with SNHL (triangle) and ANSD (square).

<p>Correlation between tone perception score and tone responses that were consistent with FS (left) and E (right) for subjects with SNHL (triangle) and ANSD (square).</p

Pure tone hearing threshold for listeners with SNHL (top panel) and with ANSD (bottom panel).

<p>Each line represents the averaged hearing threshold for both ears of a subject. Based on the PTA_{0.5 to 4 kHz}, red line represents mild hearing loss (26–40 dB HL); blue line represents moderate hearing loss (41–55 dB HL); green line represents moderate to severe hearing loss (56–70 dB HL); and black line represents severe hearing loss (70–90 dB HL).</p

Tone perception performance with the original, unprocessed tone tokens (left) and with chimeric tone tokens (right) for subjects with NH, with SNHL, and with ANSD.

<p>Left: The horizontal lines represent 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles and the whiskers represent the range of the data. Individual subjects are represented by the solid dot. Right: Bars represent mean percentages of the tone responses consistent with FS (filled bar, left ordinate) and E (open bar, right ordinate) for the three groups of subjects. Error bar represents standard deviation.</p