Functional connectivity of the right inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex in depression

The orbitofrontal cortex extends into the laterally adjacent inferior frontal gyrus. We analyzed how voxel-level functional connectivity of the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex is related to depression in 282 people with major depressive disorder (125 were unmedicated) and 254 controls, using FDR correction P < 0.05 for pairs of voxels. In the unmedicated group, higher functional connectivity was found of the right inferior frontal gyrus with voxels in the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, angular gyrus, precuneus, hippocampus and frontal gyri. In medicated patients, these functional connectivities were lower and toward those in controls. Functional connectivities between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the angular and middle frontal gyri were higher in unmedicated patients, and closer to controls in medicated patients. Medial orbitofrontal cortex voxels had lower functional connectivity with temporal cortex areas, the parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, and medication did not result in these being closer to controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in depression, and can influence mood and behavior via the right inferior frontal gyrus, which projects to premotor cortical areas

Functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in depression and in health

The first voxel-level resting-state functional connectivity (FC) neuroimaging analysis of depression of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed in 282 patients with major depressive disorder compared with 254 controls, some higher, and some lower FCs. However, in 125 unmedicated patients, primarily increases of FC were found: of the subcallosal anterior cingulate with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, of the pregenual/supracallosal anterior cingulate with the medial orbitofrontal cortex, and of parts of the anterior cingulate with the inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and with early cortical visual areas. In the 157 medicated patients, these and other FCs were lower than in the unmedicated group. Parcellation was performed based on the FC of individual ACC voxels in healthy controls. A pregenual subdivision had high FC with medial orbitofrontal cortex areas, and a supracallosal subdivision had high FC with lateral orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. The high FC in depression between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the subcallosal parts of the ACC provides a mechanism for more non-reward information transmission to the ACC, contributing to depression. The high FC between the medial orbitofrontal cortex and supracallosal ACC in depression may also contribute to depressive symptoms

Embracing the Market: Entry into Self-Employment in Transitional China, 1978-1996

This paper introduces labor market transition as an intervening process by which the macro institutional transition to a market economy alters social stratification outcome. Rather than directly addressing income distribution, it examines the pattern of workers’ entry into self-employment in reform-era China (1978-1996), focusing on rural-urban differences and the temporal trend. Analyses of data from a national representative survey in China show that education, party membership and cadre status all deter urban workers’ entry into self-employment, while education promotes rural workers’ entry into self-employment. As marketization proceeds, the rate of entry into self-employment increases in both rural and urban China, but urban workers are increasingly more likely to take advantages of the new market opportunities. In urban China, college graduates and cadres are still less likely to be involved in self-employment, but they are becoming more likely to do so in the later phase of reform. The diversity of transition scenarios is attributed to rural-urban differences in labor market structures.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39897/3/wp512.pd

An open science resource for establishing reliability and reproducibility in functional connectomics

Efforts to identify meaningful functional imaging-based biomarkers are limited by the ability to reliably characterize inter-individual differences in human brain function. Although a growing number of connectomics-based measures are reported to have moderate to high test-retest reliability, the variability in data acquisition, experimental designs, and analytic methods precludes the ability to generalize results. The Consortium for Reliability and Reproducibility (CoRR) is working to address this challenge and establish test-retest reliability as a minimum standard for methods development in functional connectomics. Specifically, CoRR has aggregated 1,629 typical individuals’ resting state fMRI (rfMRI) data (5,093 rfMRI scans) from 18 international sites, and is openly sharing them via the International Data-sharing Neuroimaging Initiative (INDI). To allow researchers to generate various estimates of reliability and reproducibility, a variety of data acquisition procedures and experimental designs are included. Similarly, to enable users to assess the impact of commonly encountered artifacts (for example, motion) on characterizations of inter-individual variation, datasets of varying quality are included

The Early Cretaceous Granitoids and Microgranular Mafic Enclaves of Sanguliu Pluton, the Liaodong Peninsula: Implications for Magma Mixing and Decratonic Gold Mineralization in the Eastern North China Craton

Some Early Cretaceous granitoids characterized by abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) formed by magma mixing have been associated with gold deposits in the eastern North China Craton (NCC). However, the genetic connection of magma mixing with gold mineralization remains unclear. The zircon U–Pb ages and in situ Lu-Hf isotopic compositions, whole-rock major- and trace-element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, as well as EPMA biotite compositions, were presented for the Sanguliu granodiorite and enclaves in the Liaodong Peninsula in order to obtain insights into the spatial and temporal distribution, and internal connection of magma mixing with the decratonic gold deposits in the eastern NCC. The Sanguliu granodiorite yielded coeval formation ages with the enclaves (~123 Ma), and their acicular apatites and plagioclase megacrysts suggest that the enclaves were formed by mixing between mafic and felsic magmas. Geochemically, the Sanguliu granodiorite is high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite, with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70552 to 0.71470 and strongly negative εNd(t) (−11.4 to −21.3) and zircon in situ εHf(t) values (−15.1 to −25.4), indicating that the felsic magmas were ancient lower crust with the involvement of mantle-derived materials. Meanwhile, the enclaves have high MgO (4.18 to 6.17 wt.%), Cr (45.91 to 290.04 ppm), and Ni (19.65 to 88.18 ppm) contents, with high Mg# values of 50 to 57 at intermediate SiO2 contents (53.68 to 55.78 wt.%), highly negative εNd(t) values (mostly −18.42 to −22.03), and in situ zircon εHf(t) values (−18.6 to −22.7), indicating that the mafic magma was mainly derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle. Furthermore, the biotites from the Sanguliu granodiorite clustered between the MH and NNO buffers in the Fe2+–Fe3+–Mg diagram. This, combined with the high Ce/Ce* ratios (1.30 to 107.18) of the zircons, indicates that the primary magmas forming the Sanguliu granodiorite had a high oxygen fugacity, which is favorable for gold mineralization. These findings, together with previous studies of the Early Cretaceous granitoids with enclaves in the eastern NCC, suggest that magma mixing commonly occurred during 110–130 Ma and is temporally, spatially, and genetically related to decratonic gold systems in eastern NCC

The Early Cretaceous Granitoids and Microgranular Mafic Enclaves of Sanguliu Pluton, the Liaodong Peninsula: Implications for Magma Mixing and Decratonic Gold Mineralization in the Eastern North China Craton

Some Early Cretaceous granitoids characterized by abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) formed by magma mixing have been associated with gold deposits in the eastern North China Craton (NCC). However, the genetic connection of magma mixing with gold mineralization remains unclear. The zircon U&ndash;Pb ages and in situ Lu-Hf isotopic compositions, whole-rock major- and trace-element and Sr&ndash;Nd&ndash;Pb isotopic compositions, as well as EPMA biotite compositions, were presented for the Sanguliu granodiorite and enclaves in the Liaodong Peninsula in order to obtain insights into the spatial and temporal distribution, and internal connection of magma mixing with the decratonic gold deposits in the eastern NCC. The Sanguliu granodiorite yielded coeval formation ages with the enclaves (~123 Ma), and their acicular apatites and plagioclase megacrysts suggest that the enclaves were formed by mixing between mafic and felsic magmas. Geochemically, the Sanguliu granodiorite is high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite, with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70552 to 0.71470 and strongly negative &epsilon;Nd(t) (&minus;11.4 to &minus;21.3) and zircon in situ &epsilon;Hf(t) values (&minus;15.1 to &minus;25.4), indicating that the felsic magmas were ancient lower crust with the involvement of mantle-derived materials. Meanwhile, the enclaves have high MgO (4.18 to 6.17 wt.%), Cr (45.91 to 290.04 ppm), and Ni (19.65 to 88.18 ppm) contents, with high Mg# values of 50 to 57 at intermediate SiO2 contents (53.68 to 55.78 wt.%), highly negative &epsilon;Nd(t) values (mostly &minus;18.42 to &minus;22.03), and in situ zircon &epsilon;Hf(t) values (&minus;18.6 to &minus;22.7), indicating that the mafic magma was mainly derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle. Furthermore, the biotites from the Sanguliu granodiorite clustered between the MH and NNO buffers in the Fe2+&ndash;Fe3+&ndash;Mg diagram. This, combined with the high Ce/Ce* ratios (1.30 to 107.18) of the zircons, indicates that the primary magmas forming the Sanguliu granodiorite had a high oxygen fugacity, which is favorable for gold mineralization. These findings, together with previous studies of the Early Cretaceous granitoids with enclaves in the eastern NCC, suggest that magma mixing commonly occurred during 110&ndash;130 Ma and is temporally, spatially, and genetically related to decratonic gold systems in eastern NCC

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Mg-Cu Cast Alloys with Different Cu Contents

The mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg-Cu cast alloys are heavily determined by Cu content due to the precipitation of relating strengthening precipitates during the aging treatment. In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-9Si-0.5Mg-xCu (x = 0, 0.9, 1.5, and 2.1 wt.%) alloys were investigated to elucidate the effect of Cu content on the evolution of their mechanical properties. After T6 (480 °C + 6 h − 530 °C + 4 h, 175 °C + 10 h) treatment, Mg-rich and Cu-rich phases were dissolved in the matrix; the main aging-precipitates of the alloys change from the needle-like β″ phases in the base alloy to the granular Q′ phases in the 0.9Cu alloy, the granular Q′ phase in the 1.5Cu alloy, the granular Q′ phase, and θ′ platelets in the 2.1Cu alloy. The increase of Cu level results in difference of the type, number density, and morphology of the nanoscale precipitated phase. Because of precipitation strength, the yield strength was increased by 103–130 MPa depending on the Cu contents. The precipitation strengthening effect of the precipitates was quantitatively evaluated by the Orowan mechanism. The aging-treated Al-9Si-0.5Mg-2Cu alloy shows the good strength and ductility: yield strength 351 MPa, ultimate tensile strength 442 MPa, and elongation 8.4%. The morphologies of fracture surfaces of the alloys also were observed

Frequency dependant topological alterations of intrinsic functional connectome in major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder is associated with aberrant topological organizations of brain networks. However, whether this aberrance is shown in broader frequency bands or in a specific frequency band remains unknown. Fifty patients and fifty gender, age and education matched normal controls underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Frequency dependent topological measures based on graph theory were calculated from wavelet decomposed resting state functional brain signals. In the specific frequency band of 0.03–0.06 14Hz, the clustering coefficient and the global efficiency were reduced while the characteristic path length was increased. Furthermore, patients showed aberrant nodal centralities in the default mode network, executive network and occipital network. Network based statistical analysis revealed system-wise topological alterations in these networks. The finding provides the first systematic evidence that depression is associated with frequency specific global and local topological disruptions and highlights the importance of frequency information in investigating major depressive disorders