Measurements of our fabricated eye models.

<p>Measurements of our fabricated eye models.</p

Parameters of Navarro's model eye (relaxed) [4].

<p>ACD: anterior chamber depth; TAL: total axial length.</p><p>Parameters of Navarro's model eye (relaxed) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109373#pone.0109373-EscuderoSanz1" target="_blank">[4]</a>.</p

On-axis spot diagram and spherical aberration of four model eye in ZEMAX simulations.

<p>In ZEMAX, the object point is set at an infinite distance from the model eye, the wavelength is 589.3 nm and the pupil diameter is 3 mm.</p

5-degree off-axis modulation transfer function (MTF) curves of four model eyes in ZEMAX.

<p>(wavelength: 589.3 nm; pupil diameter: 3 mm; T = tangential; S = sagittal).</p

Parameters of our schematic model eye.

<p>Parameters of our schematic model eye.</p

On-axis modulation transfer function (MTF) curves of four model eyes in ZEMAX.

<p>(wavelength: 589.3 nm; pupil diameter: 3 mm; T = tangential; S = sagittal).</p

Pattern ERG responses in the Normal, Edaravone and Vehicle groups.

<p>(A) Average contrast implicit time of P50 response in the three groups. (B) Average contrast implicit time of N95 response in the three groups. (C) Average contrast amplitude of P50 response in the three groups. (D) Average contrast amplitude of N95 response in the three groups. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test was used for multiple-group comparison. Values are the means ± SD of three independent experiments.*P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. Normal, ^#P<0.05 vs. Edaravone.</p

Eeffects of edaravone on RGC death with TUNEL staining.

<p>Quantification of TUNEL (+) cells showed significantly decreased TUNEL (+) cells/mm² with treatment of edaravone, compared with the streptozotocin-treated group. Data are expressed as the mean±SD. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. Normal, ^#P<0.05 vs. Edaravone. Original magnification: ×10; scale bar, 100 µm.</p

Eeffects of edaravone on retinal ERK1/2 activation, BDNF expression and cleavage of caspase-3 in diabetic retinopathy.

<p>(A) Data are expressed as percentage change in phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) over total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) (B) The histogram represents the mean band intensity of BDNF adjusted to the intensity of β-actin in the same sample. (C) The ratio of active caspase-3 (17 kDa) and pro-caspase-3 (37 kDa) was calculated in control and diabetic mice maintained with and without Edaravone treatment. Measurements were made in duplicate in six to eight mice in each group. Western blots are representative of three different experiments. Results are expressed as mean±SD. Values obtained from Normal group are considered as 100%. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. Normal, ^#P<0.05 vs. Edaravone.</p

Effects of Astragaloside IV on pattern ERG outcomes.

<p>Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. A. Pattern ERG amplitudes in all groups. NC group received significantly decreased amplitudes compared with LC group (NC vs LC, p = 0.037, * p<0.05). Mice in Astragaloside IV treatment groups have increased amplitudes compared with NC group (AL, AH vs NC, p = 0.005, 0.037 respectively. ## p<0.01; # p<0.05). Amplitudes have no significance between AL and AH group. B. Pattern ERG latency in all groups. Astragaloside IV treatment changed the latency, but latency levels did not reveal a statistically significant difference.</p