Spatial distribution of global HPAI H5N1 outbreaks.

<p>A high degree of agreement on spatial pattern is obvious between OIE and FAO from a qualitative perspective. However, some minor differences can also be seen such as the middle part of the maps highlighted in arrows.</p

Time series plots of global HPAI H5N1 outbreaks.

<p>Generally speaking, OIE and FAO reflect similar temporal patterns. But, the discrepancies are also obvious in the relatively detailed temporal pattern such as those places highlighted by arrows.</p

Spatial distributions of matched and unmatched H5N1 outbreaks for OIE and FAO data.

<p>The spatial distributions of unmatched outbreaks are similar and they are also similar with the distribution of matched outbreaks. This prompts that the general spatial patterns captured by individual OIE and FAO are similar, but the quantitative information recorded by them are different.</p

Results of Spatial-Temporal <i>K</i>-function analysis.

<p>OIE and FAO data have significantly different spatio-temporal distributions because the observed Dst statistic is outside the envelope of 95% confidence interval. When the observed distance is ≤4e+06m, the FAO data is more clustered than OIE data, but more regular than OIE data if the study scale is >4e+06m.</p

Country-based mismatching profile of global HPAI H5N1 outbreaks.

<p>In 2003/2004, the mismatching cases were only located in the Southeast Asia; in 2005 the mismatching outbreaks began to appear in Europe such as Ukraine and Romania; in 2006, the mismatching situations further spread to the Africa and reached a peak from the spatial perspective; in 2007 and thereafter, the mismatching situation began to mitigate gradually. This mismatching profile seems to be consistent with the global epidemic situation of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks.</p

Matching results of global HPAI H5N1outbreaks for the FAO and OIE datasets: 2003 to 2009.

<p>*MP is the proportion of OIE data missed by FAO, or the number of unmatched outbreaks in OIE divided by the total number of outbreaks in OIE;</p>†<p>only includes HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in December, 2003.</p

Distributions of snail habitats and the validation points.

<p>The regions depicted as green are the snail habitats identified by our approach. The small circles in gray indicate the environments without snails and the stars in gray represents the habitats with live snail.</p

Distributions of extracted regions based on different methods.

<p>(A)The regions of “land in winter - water in summer” obtained by subtraction of water season and dry season; (B) the regions of “no snails - no grass”, i.e. the regions with vegetation coverage; and (C) the vegetation regions suitable for snail survival discriminated by the variance of vegetation growth.</p

List of phosphoprotein spots with differential expressions between superior and inferior spikelets in 3 grain-filling stages.

<p>Note:</p>a<p>phosphoproteins number,</p>b<p>phosphoprotein spots number correspond to those on 2-DE gels shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089140#pone-0089140-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>;</p>c<p>score;</p>d<p>theoretical MW (kDa) and pI.</p>e<p>Match peptides;</p>f<p>changes of phosphoprotein spots in inferior spikelets as compared to superior spikelets, UR: phosphoprotein upregulated in inferior spikelets as compared to superior spikelets; DR: phosphoprotein downregulated in inferior spikelets as compared to superior spikelets; EGS: early grain-filling stage, MGS: mid-grain-filling stage, LGS: late grain-filling stage.</p

Patterns of change on differentially expressed protein spots (A) and phosphoprotein spots (B) of inferior spikelets (IS) in comparison to superior spikelets (SS).

<p>EGS, MGS and LGS represent early, mid-, and late grain-filling stage, respectively, of endosperm development stages of SS and IS.</p