Distribution of each component of metabolic syndrome and serum liver enzyme level by gender.

a<p>Mantel-Haenszel chisquare test.</p>b<p>Chisquare test.</p>c<p>Normal: systolic <130 mmHg and diastolic <85 mmHg; abnormal: systolic ≥130 mmHg or diastolic ≥85 mmHg.</p><p>AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, BMI: body mass index, FBS: fasting blood glucose, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, KRW: Korean Won.</p

Supra-additive effect of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of liver enzyme levels.

<p>NOTES: Model of alcohol consumption x metabolic syndrome was adjusted for age, gender, education level and smoking status. Model of alcohol consumption × cigarette smoking was adjusted for age, gender, level of education, alcohol consumption, and metabolic syndrome. (a) The combined risk of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was *AST: OR 6.42 (3.64–11.35), SI 2.37 (1.20–4.67); **ALT: OR 3.88 (2.00–7.55), SI 2.65 (0.80–8.76); ††GGT: OR 13.43 (8.35–21.60), SI 1.91 (1.17–3.13). The combined risk of moderate drinking (<24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was shown only for ^†GGT: OR 6.04 (3.68–9.94), SI 2.33 (1.24–4.41). (b) The combined risk of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and >20 pack years was *AST: OR 6.71 (3.85–11.69), SI 4.55 (3.12–6.61). For GGT, **moderate alcohol consumption (<24 g/day) and ≤20 pack years, OR 3.60 (2.38–5.43), SI 5.57 (1.63–19.06); ^†<24 g/day and >20 pack years, OR 4.50 (3.04–6.67), SI 5.12 (2.19–12.00); ^††≥24 g/day and ≤20 pack years, OR 9.04 (5.85–13.99), SI 1.80 (1.57–2.06); ^‡≥24 g/day and >20 pack years, OR 10.31 (7.13–14.89), SI 2.03 (1.75–2.35). AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; OR, odds ratio; SI, synergy index.</p

General characteristics of study participants by gender.

a<p>Mantel-Haenszel chisquare test.</p

Associations of metabolic profile and number of components of metabolic syndrome with elevated liver enzyme levels, Korean National Cancer Center Cohort (Women).

a<p>Normal: systolic <130 mmHg and diastolic <85 mmHg. Abnormal: systolic ≥130 mmHg or diastolic ≥85 mmHg.</p>b<p>p for trend.</p><p>NOTE: No. of components of metabolic syndrome models were adjusted for age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking status and education level. Components of metabolic syndrome were adjusted age, gender, FBS, triglyceride level, HDL cholesterol level, blood pressure, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking status and education level.</p><p>AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, BMI: body mass index, CI: confidence interval, FBS: fasting blood glucose, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p

Association of elevated liver enzyme levels with metabolic syndrome, alcohol consumption and smoking status, Korea National Cancer Center Cohort.

a<p>p for trend<0.05,</p>b<p>p for trend<0.0001.</p><p>NOTE: Metabolic syndrome model was adjusted for age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking status and education level. Alcohol consumption model was adjusted for age, gender, smoking status (pack years), metabolic syndrome and education level. Smoking status model was adjusted for age, gender, alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome and education level.</p><p>AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, CI: confidence interval, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.</p