The Distribution of Satellites Around Central Galaxies in a Cosmological Hydrodynamical Simulation

Observations have shown that the spatial distribution of satellite galaxies is not random, but rather is aligned with the major axes of central galaxies (CGs). The strength of the alignment is dependent on the properties of both the satellites and centrals. Theoretical studies using dissipationless N-body simulations are limited by their inability to directly predict the shape of CGs. Using hydrodynamical simulations including gas cooling, star formation, and feedback, we carry out a study of galaxy alignment and its dependence on the galaxy properties predicted directly from the simulations.We found that the observed alignment signal is well produced, as is the color dependence: red satellites and red centrals both show stronger alignments than their blue counterparts. The reason for the stronger alignment of red satellites is that most of them stay in the inner region of the dark matter halo where the shape of the CG better traces the dark matter distribution. The dependence of alignment on the color of CGs arises from the halo mass dependence, since the alignment between the shape of the central stellar component and the inner halo increases with halo mass. We also find that the alignment of satellites is most strongly dependent on their metallicity, suggesting that the metallicity of satellites, rather than color, is a better tracer of galaxy alignment on small scales. This could be tested in future observational studies.Comment: ApJ Letter, accepted. Four figures, no table. The resolution of Fig 1 was downgraded due to the limitation of file size. Updated to match the version in pres

A gap between hyponormality and subnormality for block Toeplitz operators

AbstractThis paper concerns a gap between hyponormality and subnormality for block Toeplitz operators. We show that there is no gap between 2-hyponormality and subnormality for a certain class of trigonometric block Toeplitz operators (e.g., its co-analytic outer coefficient is invertible). In addition we consider the extremal cases for the hyponormality of trigonometric block Toeplitz operators: in this case, hyponormality and normality coincide

A Dynamic Programming Solution to Bounded Dejittering Problems

We propose a dynamic programming solution to image dejittering problems with bounded displacements and obtain efficient algorithms for the removal of line jitter, line pixel jitter, and pixel jitter.Comment: The final publication is available at link.springer.co

Properties of Central Caustics in Planetary Microlensing

To maximize the number of planet detections, current microlensing follow-up observations are focusing on high-magnification events which have a higher chance of being perturbed by central caustics. In this paper, we investigate the properties of central caustics and the perturbations induced by them. We derive analytic expressions of the location, size, and shape of the central caustic as a function of the star-planet separation, $s$, and the planet/star mass ratio, $q$, under the planetary perturbative approximation and compare the results with those based on numerical computations. While it has been known that the size of the planetary caustic is \propto \sqrt{q}, we find from this work that the dependence of the size of the central caustic on $q$ is linear, i.e., \propto q, implying that the central caustic shrinks much more rapidly with the decrease of $q$ compared to the planetary caustic. The central-caustic size depends also on the star-planet separation. If the size of the caustic is defined as the separation between the two cusps on the star-planet axis (horizontal width), we find that the dependence of the central-caustic size on the separation is \propto (s+1/s). While the size of the central caustic depends both on $s$ and q, its shape defined as the vertical/horizontal width ratio, R_c, is solely dependent on the planetary separation and we derive an analytic relation between R_c and s. Due to the smaller size of the central caustic combined with much more rapid decrease of its size with the decrease of q, the effect of finite source size on the perturbation induced by the central caustic is much more severe than the effect on the perturbation induced by the planetary caustic. Abridged.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, ApJ accepte

Nonequilibrium Steady States and Fano-Kondo Resonances in an AB Ring with a Quantum Dot

Electron transport through a strongly correlated quantum dot (QD) embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ring is investigated with the aid of the finite-U slave-boson mean-field (SBMF) approach extended to nonequilibrium regime. A nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) of the mean-field Hamiltonian is constructed with the aid of the C*-algebraic approach for studying infinitely extended systems. In the linear response regime, the Fano-Kondo resonances and AB oscillations of the conductance obtained from the SBMF approach are in good agreement with those from the numerical renormalization group technique (NRG) by Hofstetter et al. by using twice larger Coulomb interaction. At zero temperature and finite bias voltage, the resonance peaks of the differential conductance tend to split into two. At low bias voltage, the split of the asymmetric resonance can be observed as an increase of the conductance plateau. We also found that the differential conductance has zero-bias maximum or minimum depending on the background transmission via direct tunneling between the electrodes.Comment: 24 pages,17 figure

Generation of T Follicular Helper Cells Is Mediated by Interleukin-21 but Independent of T Helper 1, 2, or 17 Cell Lineages

SummaryAfter activation, CD4+ helper T (Th) cells differentiate into distinct effector subsets. Although chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5-expressing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are important in humoral immunity, their developmental regulation is unclear. Here we show that Tfh cells had a distinct gene expression profile and developed in vivo independently of the Th1 or Th2 cell lineages. Tfh cell generation was regulated by ICOS ligand (ICOSL) expressed on B cells and was dependent on interleukin-21 (IL-21), IL-6, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). However, unlike Th17 cells, differentiation of Tfh cells did not require transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) or Th17-specific orphan nuclear receptors RORα and RORγ in vivo. Finally, naive T cells activated in vitro in the presence of IL-21 but not TGF-β signaling preferentially acquired Tfh gene expression and promoted germinal-center reactions in vivo. This study thus demonstrates that Tfh is a distinct Th cell lineage