Cox regression analysis of all-cause mortality.

<p>^aAdjusted for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, previous cardiovascular disease history, duration of dialysis, serum level of iron, ferritin, albumin, intact PTH, hsCRP, total cholesterol and single-pool Kt/V.</p><p>^bAdjusted for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, previous cardiovascular disease history, duration of dialysis, serum level of iron, ferritin, albumin, intact PTH, hsCRP, total cholesterol and weekly Kt/V.</p><p>HD, hemodialysis; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; PD, peritoneal dialysis; ERI, erythropoietin resistance index; HR, hazard ratios; CI, confidence interval; P, P-value.</p><p>Cox regression analysis of all-cause mortality.</p

Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality by category of ESA responsiveness based on a combination of ESA dosage and hemoglobin level.

<p>Adjusted model included for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, previous cardiovascular disease history, duration of dialysis, serum level of iron, ferritin, albumin, intact PTH, hsCRP, total cholesterol and Kt/V.</p><p>^aMedian value of ESA dose in hemodialysis patients</p><p>^bMedian value of ESA dose in peritoneal dialysis patients.</p><p>ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; Hb, hemoglobin; N, number of patients; HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; HR, hazard ratios; CI, confidence interval; P, P-value.</p><p>Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality by category of ESA responsiveness based on a combination of ESA dosage and hemoglobin level.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curve for mortality in (A) patients with 24 h-residual urine volume ≥100 ml (P = 0.764 by log-rank test) and in (B) patients with 24 h-residual urine volume <100 ml (P = 0.005 by log-rank test).

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival curve for mortality in (A) patients with 24 h-residual urine volume ≥100 ml (P = 0.764 by log-rank test) and in (B) patients with 24 h-residual urine volume <100 ml (P = 0.005 by log-rank test).</p

Causes of deaths in each group.

<p>Causes of deaths in each group.</p

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis for infection-related mortality and hospitalization serum ALP tertile.

<p>Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis for infection-related mortality and hospitalization serum ALP tertile.</p

Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Levels Predict Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients

<div><p>Background</p><p>Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a biomarker of liver injury. GGT has also been reported to be a marker of oxidative stress and a predictor of mortality in the general population. Hemodialysis (HD) patients suffer from oxidative stress. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between serum GGT levels and clinical outcomes in HD patients.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 1,634 HD patients were enrolled from the Clinical Research Center registry for end-stage renal disease, a prospective cohort in Korea. Patients were categorized into three groups by tertiles of serum GGT levels. The primary outcome was all-cause, cardiovascular, or infection-related mortality and hospitalization.</p><p>Results</p><p>During the median follow-up period of 30 months, the highest tertile of serum GGT levels had a significantly higher risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.55–3.69, P<0.001), cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.07–4.26, P = 0.031) and infection-related mortality (HR 3.07, 95% CI, 1.30–7.25, P = 0.011) using tertile 1 as the reference group after adjusting for clinical variables including liver diseases. The highest tertile also had a significantly higher risk for first hospitalization (HR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.00–1.48, P = 0.048) and cardiovascular hospitalization (HR 1.42, 95% CI, 1.06–1.92, P = 0.028).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our data demonstrate that high serum GGT levels were an independent risk factor for all-cause, cardiovascular, and infection-related mortality, as well as cardiovascular hospitalization in HD patients. These findings suggest that serum GGT levels might be a useful biomarker to predict clinical outcomes in HD patients.</p></div

Kaplan-Meier plot of patient survival by tertiles of erythropoietin resistance index in (A) hemodialysis and (B) peritoneal dialysis patients.

<p>Kaplan-Meier plot of patient survival by tertiles of erythropoietin resistance index in (A) hemodialysis and (B) peritoneal dialysis patients.</p

Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population According to Dialysis Modality.

<p>Data are expressed as means SD, medians (interquartile range) or numbers (percentages), as appropriate.</p><p>BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CCI, Charlson co-morbidity index; Ccr, creatinine clearance; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; HD, hemodialysis; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IV, intravenous; Kt/V: K, dialyzer clearance; t, time; V, volume of water a patient’s body contains; PD, peritoneal dialysis; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SGA, subject global assessment; TSAT, transferrin saturation.</p><p>Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population According to Dialysis Modality.</p

Clinical characteristics of the study population according to tertiles of ERI.

<p>Data are expressed as means ± SD, medians (interquartile range) or numbers (percentages), as appropriate.</p><p>ERI, erythropoietin resistance index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CCI, Charlson co-morbidity index; Ccr, creatinine clearance; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; HD, hemodialysis; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IV, intravenous; Kt/V: K, dialyzer clearance; t, time; V, volume of water a patient’s body contains; PD, peritoneal dialysis; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SGA, subject global assessment; TSAT, transferrin saturation.</p><p>Clinical characteristics of the study population according to tertiles of ERI.</p

Baseline characteristics of patients according to baseline serum ALP tertile.

<p>Baseline characteristics of patients according to baseline serum ALP tertile.</p