The contest over the control of the nineteenth-century universities of Scotland and England

This thesis studies the reform of the nineteenth century universities of Scotland and England in terms of the conflict between the aristocracy, the professions and the mercantile section of the middle class. A methodology has been developed that draws on the secondary sources on the universities to identify the main characters involved in certain debates relating to university reform. The work consists of the study of the original correspondence of the central persons involved in specific changes in the two university systems. These sources have been set into a context constructed from the study of newspaper reports, pamphlets, essays, speeches and other accessible pieces. A background chapter on the main contrasts betw--en the university systems in Scotland and England in the years before the Victorian age is followed by three chapters that focus on parellel developments in the two university systems in three distinct periods. By juxtaposing the events in (1) the 1820s and 1830s, (2) the 1850s and (3) the 1870s and 1880s the thesis indicates that differences in the reforms of the various parts of the systems in the two countries can be related to the resolution of local compromises between the aristocracy, the professions and the mercantile wing of the middle class that reflected the relative strength of those classes in the local areas. By concentrating on events in this way the thesis draws conclusions which cast doubt on the analysis presented by G. E. Davie in his work 'The Democratic Intellect'. The study concludes that the ideas associated with the three identified contending interest groups had a divergent impact on Oxford and Cambridge, on the universities of Scotland and on the newer civic universities as the century unfolded

Some clinical aspects of simple goitre in children with special reference to the chalk valleys of Wilts.

(1) In this area, there is evidence to show that goitre incidence in children is associated with water supplies from cretaceous formations. (2) These water supplies contain in suspension mineral matter of a calcareous nature. (3) There is no evidence in this area to show that contaminated water supply is a factor in the causation of goitre. (4) The class of child liable to attack With goitre is the mal- nourished child of the agricultural worker. (5) This subnórmal nutrition is due to a deficient dietary lacking in vitamines. (6) Simple goitre in early life increases the numbers of "dull and backward" children. (7) The goitrous child is often handicapped in later life on account of his liability to disease and lowered mentality. (8) If malnutrition were prevented or treated in the pre- school period, the number of goitrous children would be small. The rural worker should be instructed in a more suitable dietary for his children. (9) That treatment of malnutrition in early goitre is of primary importance. (10) Diseased tonsils herald the onset of goitre, and tonsillectomy is harmful in these cases. (11) Iodine is definitely curative of such diseased tonsils and early goitres, provided malnutrition, if present, is treated at the same time

Development, psychometrics and feasibility of the School Participation Questionnaire: A teacher measure of participation related constructs

Background: We report development of the SPQ (School Participation Questionnaire) a teachercompleted measure of participation related constructs. The SPQ was developed to support participation-related assessment, interventions, and research in the inclusive school context. Methods: Several iterative steps were undertaken. An international panel of experts reviewed content validity. A 66-item pilot questionnaire was administered in schools. Mokken and Rasch model analysis were applied. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Analyses were conducted on associations with teacher and child demographic variables. Feedback was sourced from users. Participants were teachers of 101 children (5− 12 years old) with a range of disabilities, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and learning difficulties. Results: Four participation-related dimensions of the SPQ were confirmed. Rasch person and item reliability were good, and 2–4 strata were confirmed per scale. Internal consistency was good (all scales, Cronbach α > 0.8). Mean administration time was 11.7 min. Mean SPQ scores were independent of teacher characteristics. A significant effect of school support level, eligibility for free school meals and gender was found. Through synthesising analytic results and feedback, a new 46-item tool was obtained. Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of acceptability, practicality and validity. The SPQ is the first tool developed to assess participation related constructs in schools, and it contains novel information not given by other assessments. The SPQ may be used by practitioners and researchers to understand and improve the participation of children with a range of disabilities in schools.NHS LothianCity of Edinburgh CouncilScottish Governmen

Participation as means for adaptation in dementia: A conceptual model

Maciver, Donald - ORCID 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XReplaced AM with VoR 13 Jan 2020.Objectives: There are a number of conceptual models of dementia, capturing a range of biopsychosocial factors. Few integrate the lived experience of dementia. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptualisation grounded in the first-hand accounts of living with the condition and reflecting its complexity.Method: The study was conducted within an explanatory, critical realist paradigm. An overarching narrative approach, informed by a previously completed systematic review and metasynthesis of research on the lived experience of dementia and the assumptions of complexity theory, was used to guide data collection and analysis. Data were contributed by 31 adults, including 12 people living with dementia and 19 family caregivers.Results: The experience of living with dementia was conceptualised as a process of adaptation through participation, emerging from ongoing, dynamic and nonlinear interactions between the adaptive capacity of a person with dementia and the adaptive capacity within the environment. The proposed conceptual model describes contexts and mechanisms which shape this capacity. It identifies a range of potential outcomes in dementia. These outcomes reflect interactions and the degree of match between the adaptive capacity of a person and the adaptive capacity within the environment.Conclusion: By recognising and exploring the potential for adaptation and enduring participation in dementia, findings of this research can support practitioners in facilitating positive outcomes for people affected by the condition.work completed as part of PhD process supported by Queen Margaret University Edinburgh.https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.169574025pubpub

Psychometric evaluation of the ACHIEVE assessment

AM deposited 2020-04-22. Kept embargoed till publication at author's request.Miriam Crowe - ORCID 0000-0002-8941-5442 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-5442Donald Maciver - ORCID 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XReplaced AM with VoR 2020-06-12Objective: There has been a significant change within clinical practice in childhood disability from ‘treating’ at the level of body function to ecological approaches that address the child’s involvement in everyday life. Clinical assessment, and robust tools to support this, are of key importance. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the ACHIEVE Assessment in a clinical dataset. The ACHIEVE assessment is a parent and teacher report of participation in home, school and community settings, important contributory factors for participation, and environmental factors.Design: ACHIEVE scores of children were collected from parents and teachers. The Rasch Rating Scale Model produced model estimates with WINSTEPS software.Setting: Clinical rehabilitation settings in Scotland (United Kingdom).Subjects: 401 parents and 335 teachers of 402 children participated resulting in a final sample of 736 responses. Children (78% male) were 4-17 years old (mean 7.91 years SD 2.61). Children had a range of disabilities including Developmental Coordination Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Results: The study includes a large clinical sample of children with disabilities. The results demonstrate that the ACHIEVE Assessment can provide unidimensional measurements of children’s participation and important contributory factors for participation. Differential item functioning analysis indicated majority of items were comparable between parent and teacher report.Conclusions: The results confirm evidence of appropriate psychometric properties of the ACHIEVE Assessment. ACHIEVE is a comprehensive tool that enables identification of patterns and issues around participation for clinical and research purposes.https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.002458pubpu

Exploring the needs of people with dementia living at home reported by people with dementia and informal caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Maciver, Donald - ORCID 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XReplaced AM with VoR 09 Jan 2020Curnow, Eleanor - ORCID 0000-0001-9332-8248 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-8248Objectives: To provide prevalence estimates of needs of people with dementia living at home, and to determine sources of variation associated with needs for this population.Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed searching CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ASSIA databases. Following quality checks, random effects meta-analysis produced prevalence estimates for needs reported by people with dementia and by their informal caregivers. Fixed effects models were undertaken to compare caregiver and person with dementia reported needs. Heterogeneity was explored through sensitivity analysis. The study protocol was registered with Prospero #CRD42017074119Results: Six retrieved studies published between 2005 and 2017 including 1011 people with dementia and 1188 caregivers were included in the analysis. All data was collected using Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly. Prevalence estimates are provided for 24 needs reported by participants in The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Poland, Ireland, Germany, Norway, Portugal, Italy and Sweden. Most prevalent needs reported by people with dementia were Memory 0.713 [95% CI 0.627, 0.791]; Food 0.706 [95% CI 0.547, 0.841]; Household activities 0.677 [95% CI 0.613, 0.738]; and Money 0.566 [95% CI 0.416, 0.711]. Caregivers reported greater prevalence than people with dementia did for 22 of 24 needs, although the priority ranking of needs was similar. Exploration of heterogeneity revealed that people with young onset dementia were the major source of variation for 24 out of 44 analyses.Conclusion: Increased understanding of prevalence of needs of people with dementia and associated heterogeneity can assist in planning services to meet those needs.https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.169574125pubpub

Living With Dementia: A Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research on the Lived Experience

Purpose of the Study: To identify and examine the published qualitative research evidence relative to the experience of living with dementia. Design and Methods: Metasynthesis was used as the methodological framework to guide data collection and analysis. Results: Three themes were identified. The first theme considered the main condition-related changes experienced by people with dementia (PWD) and showed how these are interlinked and impact upon various areas of people's lives. The second theme indicated that amidst these changes, PWD strive to maintain continuity in their lives by employing various resources and coping strategies. The third theme underlined the role of contextual factors. The reviewed evidence indicates that, the emerging experience of PWD and their potential to adjust to the continuous changes is influenced by access to and quality of both personal and contextual resources which remain in a constant, transactional relationship to each other. Implications: The findings were interpreted and discussed in the context of relevant theoretical frameworks and research evidence. It was considered that current evidence and findings presented in this review can be further explored and expanded upon in a more systematic way through research conducted within the theoretical framework of dynamic systems theory. Further research would be also beneficial to explore the subjective experience of dementia from a participatory perspective. Exploring the application of these theoretical standpoints would contribute to the current state of knowledge and offer both PWD and carers fresh perspective on the nature of change and potential for adaptability in dementia.sch_occ58pub4643pub

Factors influencing junior high school students’ perceptions of attending school in Japan

Donald Maciver - ORCID: 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XBackground School attendance is a crucial determinant of academic success. Our previous research has identified factors that influence elementary school students’ perceptions of attending school, but whether these factors apply to older students remains unclear. We investigated the extent to which the factors identified in the previous research apply to junior high school students and their attitudes toward attending school. Methods We hypothesized that students’ “perceptions of attending school” was directly influenced by their perceptions of “relationships with friends and teachers,” “current circumstances,” “subjective health status,” and “having people to share experiences and thoughts with.” We developed an original questionnaire with 19 items and analyzed data collected from 6245 junior high school students in Japan, using a structural equation model. Results The final model demonstrated a good fit. Students’ “positive perceptions of attending school” was directly and positively influenced by their “positive perceptions of relationships with friends and teachers” and directly and negatively influenced by their “perceptions of poorer subjective health status”. Other latent variables directly and positively influenced the perceptions of attending school, but not strongly. Students’ perceptions of “relationships with friends and teachers,” “current circumstances,” and “having people to share experiences and thoughts with” correlated positively with each other. These three latent variables also correlated negatively with “poorer subjective health status.” Conclusions The role of positive relationships with friends and teachers in shaping students' perceptions of school attendance, coupled with the negative impact of poorer subjective health status, underscores the need for educators to adopt approaches that specifically address these areas. It is crucial to provide support to students in cultivating positive relationships, fostering positive perceptions of school, and offering resources to those who are encountering mental or physical health challenges. Implementing the evidence-based questionnaire developed in this study is recommended to enhance student support and well-being.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00631-w17pubpu

Incite to practice: Development of a realist-informed program theory to support implementation of intersectoral partnerships

Donald Maciver - ORCID: 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XPolicy internationally is supportive of intersectoral partnerships (ISPs) for promoting positive outcomes among people with complex social, psychological, and physical needs. This realist-informed study describes the development of a program theory to provide insight into enactment of effective ISPs. Interviews were completed with 18 senior staff with leadership roles in six ISPs, including voluntary, statutory, and commercial organizations, supporting people with complex health and social care needs. An iteratively developed and refined program theory, termed the “Incite” model, was developed, with collaboration with participants and an advisory group, including people with lived experience. Important contextual conditions that emerged included organizational culture, historical perspectives, policy, and social determinants of health. Mechanisms included desire for change, creating safe psychological spaces, establishing shared values, and talking about power. Outcomes included transformed world view, increased psychological safety, clarity of purpose, fluidity of relationships, and power shifting. Three phases of partnership development were also identified within the model. This study has led to a clearer, more rigorous, and systematic understanding, with recommendations for how ISPs might be developed or expanded. How the Incite model may be operationalized is discussed, as well as implications for policy, practice, and research.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: We acknowledge funding contributions from the Scottish Government’s Third Sector Division and Mental Health Division and Community Covenant Grant.https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244021103831611pubpub

Determinants of school attendance in elementary school students in Japan: A structural equation model

Donald Maciver - ORCID: 0000-0002-6173-429X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-429XBackground Managing school nonattendance is a priority worldwide. Frequent school nonattendance in early school years has immediate and long-term negative effects. Although strategies to address nonattendance are being developed and implemented, the number of students with school nonattendance issues is increasing. In this study, we explored students’ feelings and perceptions about attending school and the potential determinants of a positive attitude towards attending school.Methods We hypothesized that a positive perception towards attending school was influenced by relationships, perceptions of current circumstances, subjective health, and having someone to share experiences and thoughts with. For examining the hypothesized model, an original questionnaire with 14 items was developed, including perceptions towards school attendance (an item), relationships with friends and school teachers (5 items), current circumstances (4 items), subjective health (3 items), and the individuals available to share experiences and thoughts with (1 item). In total, 6860 children submitted the questionnaire (85.3% response rate) and 6841 responses were included to examine the model. Children were 10 or 11 years old, and selected from 111 state-run schools in 8 randomly selected school districts.Results The final model demonstrated good fit and showed that the latent variable of relationships with friends and school teachers directly impacted on how children felt about attending school. The latent variable of subjective health also directly impacted on how children felt about attending school but not strongly. Other latent variables were not significant.Conclusions The importance of positive relationships with friends and teachers in overcoming school nonattendance has been emphasized in previous studies. This study has provided evidence that these relationships impacted children’s positive perception about attending school in a large sample of students aged 10–11 years. The latent variable of subjective health may require more items to capture mental health.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00391-515pubpu