Development assistance gone wrong : why support services have failed to expand exports

This study shows that in developing countries with no more than partly favorable policies toward manufactured exports, outside assistance to services that promote and support manufactured exports has had little discernible impact on exports and has rarely been effective in expanding them. The principal reasons for this lack of impact appear to be the after effects of inward-looking development policies, neglect of assistance to enterprises in the production and supply aspects of exporting, insufficient donor concern about the direct impact of their assistance on exports, and reliance on an inappropriate delivery mechanism. Recommendations which suggest new guidelines for donor assistance, project components and new country policies are explained in a companion paper, WPS 544.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,ICT Policy and Strategies,Poverty Assessment

Role of C4 carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, the macroalga responsible for the world's largest green tides

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liu, D., Ma, Q., Valiela, I., Anderson, D. M., Keesing, J. K., Gao, K., Zhen, Y., Sun, X., & Wang, Y. Role of C4 carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, the macroalga responsible for the world's largest green tides. Communications Biology, 3(1), (2020): 494, doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01225-4.Most marine algae preferentially assimilate CO2 via the Calvin-Benson Cycle (C3) and catalyze HCO3− dehydration via carbonic anhydrase (CA) as a CO2-compensatory mechanism, but certain species utilize the Hatch-Slack Cycle (C4) to enhance photosynthesis. The occurrence and importance of the C4 pathway remains uncertain, however. Here, we demonstrate that carbon fixation in Ulva prolifera, a species responsible for massive green tides, involves a combination of C3 and C4 pathways, and a CA-supported HCO3− mechanism. Analysis of CA and key C3 and C4 enzymes, and subsequent analysis of δ13C photosynthetic products showed that the species assimilates CO2 predominately via the C3 pathway, uses HCO3− via the CA mechanism at low CO2 levels, and takes advantage of high irradiance using the C4 pathway. This active and multi-faceted carbon acquisition strategy is advantageous for the formation of massive blooms, as thick floating mats are subject to intense surface irradiance and CO2 limitation.This work was supported by the State Key Project of Research and Development Plan, Ministry of Science and Technology of the Peopleʼs Republic of China (2016YFC1402106). Support for D.M.A. provided by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution—Ocean University of China Cooperative Research Initiative. We thank Dr. Juntian Xu, Jing Ma, Ying Li, and Chenglong Ji for assisting culture experiments and sample analysis

Government Issue, Flipper, and Deadline concert flier, 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C., March 14, 1982

Flier promoting a concert by the Washington D.C. punk bands Government Issue and Deadline and the San Francisco punk band Flipper. The concert occurred at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C. on March 14, 1982. The illustration on the flier was by D.C. musician Donald Keesing

Rain Crow and Black Girls concert flier, d.c. Space, Washington, D.C., July 6, 1988

Flier promoting a concert by the bands Rain Crow and Black Girls at d.c. Space in Washington, D.C. on July 6, 1988. The flier was designed by Donald Keesing of Rain Crow

Government Issue and Black Market Baby concert flier, Outside Inn, Rockville, Maryland, January 4, 1982

Flier advertising a concert by the Washington, D.C. punk bands Government Issue and Black Market Baby. The concert occurred at the Outside Inn in Rockville, Maryland on January 4, 1982

Rain Crow concert flier, d.c. Space, Washington, D.C., February 3, 1989

Flier promoting a concert featuring Rain Crow, False Prophets (with Tuli Kupferberg of the Fugs), and Jamnation at d.c. space in Washington, D.C. on February 3, 1989. The flier was designed by Donald Keesing of Rain Crow

Income Distribution From Outward-Looking Development Policies

Income distribution has become a central concern in developing market economies, now that breakthroughs are being achieved in expanding output. Severe inequalities in the distribution of the benefits of development are practi¬cally universal and appear to be growing.1 Will these inequalities be reduced or cured by the outward-looking policies now being recommended to developing countries ? This paper analyses these policies and arrives at a generally negative answer. In most developing countries, inequalities cannot be expected to cure themselves under outward-looking policies, no matter how desirable these policies may be for other reasons.* Inequalities may even increase unless major efforts are made to redistribute income. The paper starts with a brief description of the policies now being recommended. There follow sections dealing with inequality-producing influences associated with this development strategy. These influences are discussed under the following headings