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Can L2 sentence processing strategies be native-like? Evidence from English speakers’ L2 processing of Chinese base-generated-topic sentences
This article reports on an empirical study examining English speakers’ L2 processing of Chinese base-generated-topic (BGT) sentences. Forty-four highly proficient English-speaking L2 learners of Chinese and 23 native Chinese speakers were involved in the study. Results of a self-paced reading task reveal that both native Chinese speakers’ and L2 Chinese learners’ processing of Chinese BGT sentences is syntactically induced in a top-down manner. English speakers are sensitive to and are able to make use of syntactic cues as well as semantic information in their processing of Chinese BGT sentences. The study provides disconfirming evidence against the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (Clahsen and Felser, 2006a,b), which predicts that unlike native speakers, L2 learners do not rely on structure-based processing strategies when solving ambiguities in L2 sentence processing
Additional file 1: of Characterizing undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Supplementary Material. (DOCX 830Ă‚Â kb
The projected changes in quality adjusted life years lost related to COPD in Canada in men (A) and women (B).
<p>The projected changes in quality adjusted life years lost related to COPD in Canada in men (A) and women (B).</p
The projected increase in the prevalence of COPD in Canada in men (A) and women (B) across disease severities.
<p>The projected increase in the prevalence of COPD in Canada in men (A) and women (B) across disease severities.</p
Key input parameters in the model.
a<p>rates were calculated based on relative risk of mortality per smoking status <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Gamble1" target="_blank">[25]</a>, 2002 Canadian life tables, and 2010 mortality estimates, Statistics Canada (See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746.s002" target="_blank">Appendix S2</a>).</p>b<p>were estimated based on the symptom rates among smokers, previous smokers, and never smokers reported by Mannino et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Mannino2" target="_blank">[36]</a> for men and women and also proportion of patients without COPD reported by Buist et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Buist1" target="_blank">[9]</a>.</p>c<p>Estimated based on the reported rates for men and women in Buist et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Buist1" target="_blank">[9]</a> (See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746.s002" target="_blank">Appendix S2</a>).</p>d<p>Estimated based on COPD specific mortality rate of 30.4 per 10,000 (Camp et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Camp1" target="_blank">[12]</a>) and probabilities of major exacerbations.</p>e<p>Estimated based on progression rates in Hoogendoorn et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Hoogendoorn4" target="_blank">[31]</a> (See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746.s002" target="_blank">Appendix S2</a>).</p>f<p>these weights are EQ-5D Scores.</p>g<p>Costs in in Mannino et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Mannino2" target="_blank">[36]</a> were multiplied by 1.155 to reflect the changes in Canadian Consumer Price Index (CPI) between 2002 and 2011.</p>h<p>Estimated based on proportion of major/minor exacerbations used in Spencer et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046746#pone.0046746-Spencer1" target="_blank">[13]</a>.</p
Outcomes of hypothetical interventions.
<p>I. Decreasing smoking start rate (by testing for COPD predisposition in early smokers).</p><p>II. Decreasing progression rates (by access to new pharmacogenomic agents).</p><p>III. Decreasing exacerbations (by prediction of exacerbators).</p
The results of one-way sensitivity analyses on the total cost related to COPD in Canada over the next 25 years.
<p>The results of one-way sensitivity analyses on the total cost related to COPD in Canada over the next 25 years.</p
The projected changes in the costs related to COPD in Canada in men (A) and women (B) at various discount rates.
<p>The projected changes in the costs related to COPD in Canada in men (A) and women (B) at various discount rates.</p
The estimated monetary benefit of each hypothetical intervention assuming different scenarios for effectiveness of these interventions in reducing smoking rates (intervention I), progression of disease (intervention II), and exacerbation rates (intervention II).
<p>The estimated monetary benefit of each hypothetical intervention assuming different scenarios for effectiveness of these interventions in reducing smoking rates (intervention I), progression of disease (intervention II), and exacerbation rates (intervention II).</p
Additional file 2: Table S1. of SABRE: a method for assessing the stability of gene modules in complex tissues and subject populations
Patient demographics. Demographic characteristics of the 238 COPD patients. (CSV 495 bytes