BALF levels and BALF/blood ratios of monocytic TREM-1.

<p>Box (interquartile) and whisker (range) plots showing expression of TREM-1 by CD14+ monocytes in BALF (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109686#pone-0109686-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1a</a>) and the BALF/blood ratio of TREM-1 expression by monocytes in blood and BALF (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109686#pone-0109686-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1b</a>) from patients with VAP, non-VAP (ventilated non-pulmonary infected control) and NVC (non-ventilated control). BALF levels were corrected for dilution occurring with bronchoscopy using urea measurement. Statistically significant differences between groups were determined using the Mann-Whitney U and post hoc Dunn correction as follows: monocyte TREM-1 levels for VAP versus non-VAP and NVC (p<0.001)* and BALF/blood monocytic TREM-1 ratio VAP versus non-VAP and NVC (p<0.001)*. MFI = mean fluorescence intensity.</p

Expression of cell-surface and soluble proteins in study participants with VAP, non-VAP and NVC.

<p>The median and interquartile range for each patient group is reported. Statistically significant differences between groups were determined using the Mann-Whitney U and post hoc Dunn correction as follows: VAP and non-VAP versus NVC (p<0.001)^*, VAP versus NVC (p<0.001)^† and non-VAP versus NVC (p<0.05)^‡, VAP versus non-VAP and NVC (p<0.001)^§, VAP versus non-VAP (p<0.01)^**, VAP versus non-VAP (p<0.001)^††, VAP versus NVC (p<0.01)^‡‡, VAP versus non-VAP (p<0.001)^§§ and NVC>non-VAP (p<0.01)^ll. The lower limits of detection for the sTREM-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and PCT assays were 0.01 µg/ml, 0.001 µg/ml, 0.0007 µg/ml, 0.004 µg/ml and 0.05 ng/ml respectively. N/A indicates below assay detection limit. BALF levels were corrected for dilution occurring with bronchoscopy using urea analysis. BALF/blood ratios were only calculable if BALF and blood measurements were obtained. VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia. Non-VAP = ventilated patients with no evidence of pulmonary infection. NVC = non-ventilated non-infected patients.</p><p>Expression of cell-surface and soluble proteins in study participants with VAP, non-VAP and NVC.</p

Characteristics of patients recruited to study.

<p>The median and range (lowest-highest) is shown for each group. APACHE II and CPIS are only applicable to the ventilated patients. Some variables are presented as percentages. Statistically significant differences between the groups were determined using the Mann-Whitney U test with post-hoc Dunn correction and are indicated as follows: VAP versus NVC (p<0.001)* and non-VAP versus NVC (p<0.001)^†. CPIS = Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score. APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia. NVC = non-ventilated control. Non-VAP = ventilated non-pulmonary infected control. CXR = Chest X-ray. WCC = White cell count. CRP = C-reactive protein.</p><p>Characteristics of patients recruited to study.</p