Midazolam increases protrusion density and reduces protrusions head width in the somatosensory cortex <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>(a) Representative confocal images (3D volume rendering) showing apical dendritic shafts in control and midazolam-treated animals at PND 15 and PND 30. Scale bar: 5 µm. (b) Protrusion density of pyramidal neurons of the SCC of mice sacrificed at PND 15; 20 and 30 (ctrl; +: P<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn post tests). The increase in protrusion density is age-dependent in midazolam injected animals (Mida) compared to control groups (<i>n</i> = 4 animals per group, 4726 protrusions; two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post tests). (c) Mean dendritic spine head diameter for midazolam-injected (Mida) compared to non-anesthetized mice (Ctrl) at PND 15, 20 and 30 (<i>n</i> = 4 animals per group, 1695 protrusions; ***: <i>P</i><0.001, **: <i>P</i><0.01, two-way <i>ANOVA</i> with Bonferroni post tests). (d–f) Frequency distribution histogram of spine head diameter shows that the effects observed in (b, c) are primarily due to an increase in the number of spines with small heads (each thick mark on x axis is a 0.1 µm interval).</p

Effects of midazolam, propofol and ketamine on dendritic protrusions in the hippocampus <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>(a) 3D volume rendering of confocal microscopy images of apical dendrites of CA1 hippocampal neurons of PND 15 mice in control (left) and midazolam-anesthetized (right) conditions. Scale bars: 1 µm. (b) Protrusion density of pyramidal neurons of mice sacrificed at PND 15; 20 and 30 just after a 5 h-anesthesia with midazolam (Mida) propofol (Propo) or ketamine (Keta) compared to control conditions (ctrl). (c) protrusion head width in PND 15 mice CA1 neurons after 5 h-midazolam (Mida), propofol (Propo) or Ketamine (Keta) anesthesia compared to control group. (b, c): <i>n</i> = 4 animals per group, 1291 spines; ***: <i>P</i><0.001, *: <i>P</i><0.05, two-way <i>ANOVA</i> with Bonferroni post tests.</p

Effects of midazolam on protrusion density and on head width lasts for several days.

<p>(a) A 5 h midazolam anesthesia is performed at PND 15, protrusion density is measured at PND 20 in one group and at PND 30 in another group. (b) Protrusion head width at PND 20 and PND 30 compared to control groups. (b, c): <i>n</i> = 4 animals per group, 1571 spines; ***: <i>P</i><0.001, *: <i>P</i><0.05, two-way <i>ANOVA</i> with Bonferroni post tests.</p

Selective blockade of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors induce an increase in protrusion density.

<p>(a) <i>In vivo</i>, intraperitoneal injections of NBQX (30 mg/kg) at PND 15 induced a highly significant increase in protrusion density within 5 hours (<i>n</i> = 617 spines from 3 animals in the control group and 472 spines from 6 animals in the NBQX group). (b) Effects of a 5 h bath incubation of NBQX (20 µM, <i>n</i> = 192 spines in 4 cultures), MK-801 (100 µM, <i>n</i> = 409 protrusions in 8 cultures), or TTX (1 µM, <i>n</i> = 249 protrusions in 5 cultures) on protrusion density compared to control conditions in hippocampal slice cultures (<i>n</i> = 537 protrusions in 10 cultures). (a, b): ***: <i>P</i><0.001, **: <i>P</i><0.01, *: <i>P</i><0.05, unpaired <i>t</i> test.</p

Spine dynamics underlying midazolam-induced increase in spine density.

<p>(a) Maximum intensity projections with 3D volume rendering of confocal images of a CA1 dendrite observed repetitively at 0 h; 5 h and 24 h showing the protrusion turnover in control conditions (left panel) and after midazolam (right panel). +: newly formed protrusions. Scale bar: 1 µm. Hippocampal slices were incubated with midazolam (30 µM) during 5 h just after the first observation (arrow). (b) Protrusion density (expressed as percent of initial values) observed at 0 h, 5 h, 24 h and 48 h in control condition (empty circle) and after midazolam treatment (dark squares). (c) New protrusions per µm detected between 0 to 5 h, or between 24 to 48 h in control conditions (white bars) and after midazolam treatment (dark bars). (d) Same as (c), but for lost protrusions. (e) Number of protrusions per µm that appeared after 1 hour midazolam incubation compared to control conditions. (f) Type of new protrusions for control (ctrl) and midazolam (mida). White bars: spines; gray bars: filopodia. (g) Fraction of spines present at the initial observation (pre-existing spines) still present at 48 h. (h) Fraction of new spines formed between 0 h and 5 h and still present at 48 h. Note that in (g) and (h), only spines were considered: filopodia were excluded because of their very short-term survival. (b–d; f–h): <i>n</i> = 12; 13 cultures for control and midazolam conditions, respectively, 1726 protrusions analyzed. (e): <i>n</i> = 4 cultures for each conditions, 293 protrusions analyzed. (b): 2-way <i>ANOVA</i> with Bonferroni post tests, (c–h): unpaired <i>t</i> tests.</p

Effects of propofol and ketamine anesthesia on dendritic protrusions in the somatosensory cortex <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>(a) 3D volume rendering of confocal microscopy images of apical dendrites in control (left), propofol-treated (middle) and ketamine-treated (right) PND 15 mice. Scale bars: 1 µm. (b) Protrusion density of pyramidal neurons of the SCC of mice sacrificed at PND 15; 20 and 30 just after a 5 h-anesthesia with propofol (Propo) or ketamine (Keta) compared to control conditions (ctrl). (c) spine head width at PND 15 after 5 h-propofol (Propo) or Ketamine (Keta) anesthesia compared to control group. (b, c): <i>n</i> = 4 animals per group, 6945 spines; ***: <i>P</i><0.001, **: <i>P</i><0.01, *: <i>P</i><0.05, two-way <i>ANOVA</i> with Bonferroni post tests.</p

sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506221129687 – Supplemental material for Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506221129687 for Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models by Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Jennifer K. Bosson, Paweł Jurek, Tomasz Besta, Michał Olech, Joseph A. Vandello, Michael Bender, Justine Dandy, Vera Hoorens, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Eric Mankowski, Satu Venäläinen, Sami Abuhamdeh, Collins Badu Agyemang, Gülçin Akbaş, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Soline Ammirati, Joel Anderson, Gulnaz Anjum, Amarina Ariyanto, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Mujeeba Ashraf, Aistė Bakaitytė, Maja Becker, Chiara Bertolli, Dashamir Bërxulli, Deborah L. Best, Chongzeng Bi, Katharina Block, Mandy Boehnke, Renata Bongiorno, Janine Bosak, Annalisa Casini, Qingwei Chen, Peilian Chi, Vera Cubela Adoric, Serena Daalmans, Soledad de Lemus, Sandesh Dhakal, Nikolay Dvorianchikov, Sonoko Egami, Edgardo Etchezahar, Carla Sofia Esteves, Laura Froehlich, Efrain Garcia-Sanchez, Alin Gavreliuc, Dana Gavreliuc, Ángel Gomez, Francesca Guizzo, Sylvie Graf, Hedy Greijdanus, Ani Grigoryan, Joanna Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Keltouma Guerch, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Miriam-Linnea Hale, Hannah Hämer, Mika Hirai, Lam Hoang Duc, Martina Hřebíčková, Paul B. Hutchings, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Serdar Karabati, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Gabriella Kengyel, Narine Khachatryan, Rawan Ghazzawi, Mary Kinahan, Teri A. Kirby, Monika Kovacs, Desiree Kozlowski, Vladislav Krivoshchekov, Kuba Kryś, Clara Kulich, Tai Kurosawa, Nhan Thi Lac An, Javier Labarthe-Carrara, Mary Anne Lauri, Ioana Latu, Abiodun Musbau Lawal, Junyi Li, Jana Lindner, Anna Lindqvist, Angela T. Maitner, Elena Makarova, Ana Makashvili, Shera Malayeri, Sadia Malik, Tiziana Mancini, Claudia Manzi, Silvia Mari, Sarah E. Martiny, Claude-Hélène Mayer, Vladimir Mihić, Jasna MiloševićĐorđević, Eva Moreno-Bella, Silvia Moscatelli, Andrew Bryan Moynihan, Dominique Muller, Erita Narhetali, Félix Neto, Kimberly A. Noels, Boglárka Nyúl, Emma C. O’Connor, Danielle P. Ochoa, Sachiko Ohno, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Randall Osborne, Maria Giuseppina Pacilli, Jorge Palacio, Snigdha Patnaik, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Pablo Pérez de León, Ivana Piterová, Juliana Barreiros Porto, Angelica Puzio, Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Erico Rentería Pérez, Emma Renström, Tiphaine Rousseaux, Michelle K. Ryan, Saba Safdar, Mario Sainz, Marco Salvati, Adil Samekin, Simon Schindler, A. Timur Sevincer, Masoumeh Seydi, Debra Shepherd, Sara Sherbaji, Toni Schmader, Cláudia Simão, Rosita Sobhie, Jurand Sobiecki, Lucille De Souza, Emma Sarter, Dijana Sulejmanović, Katie E. Sullivan, Mariko Tatsumi, Lucy Tavitian-Elmadjian, Suparna Jain Thakur, Quang Thi Mong Chi, Beatriz Torre, Ana Torres, Claudio V. Torres, Beril Türkoğlu, Joaquín Ungaretti, Timothy Valshtein, Colette Van Laar, Jolanda van der Noll, Vadym Vasiutynskyi, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Neharika Vohra, Marta Walentynowicz, Colleen Ward, Anna Włodarczyk, Yaping Yang, Vincent Yzerbyt, Valeska Zanello, Antonella Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, Magdalena Zawisza, Rita Žukauskienė and Magdalena Żadkowska in Social Psychological and Personality Science</p