4 research outputs found

    Dissecting sperm provided polarity in C. elegans embryo

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    ZellpolaritĂ€t bietet notwendige rĂ€umliche Informationen, die Entscheidungen in der Entwicklung eines Organismus leiten. C. elegans Einzell-Embryos sind ein wichtiges Modellsystem, um ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis von ZellpolaritĂ€t zu erlangen. Dies liegt zu einem großen Teil an einem hochgradig reproduzierbaren Ablauf ihrer Entwicklung, was auch den Prozess der Polarisierung umfasst. WĂ€hrend viel ĂŒber die Aufrechterhaltung von ZellpolaritĂ€t bekannt ist, sind die auslösenden Faktoren der Polarisierung weniger gut untersucht. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass die Bewegung des Zentrosoms zum Zellkortex the Zeit und den Ort der Polarisierung bestimmt, und ein aktuelles Modell nimmt an, dass eine direkte Verbindung und Kommunikation von Zentrosom und Kortex notwendig fĂŒr die Polarisierung sind. Ich habe den Einfluss der Zentrosomposition relativ zum Kortex auf die Polarisierung des Embryos untersucht und gefunden, dass Zentrosomen die Polarisierung zwar von jeder Position im Embryo initiieren können, die NĂ€he zum Zellkortex jedoch die dafĂŒr notwendige Zeit verringert. Die Polarisierung selbst bewirkt eine AnnĂ€herung von Zentrosom und Kortex. Vor der Polarisierung beschrĂ€nken zytoplasmatische Mikrotubuli die Bewegung des Zentrosoms in der NĂ€he des Kortex, was wiederum die kontroversielle Rolle von Mikrotubuli bei der Initiierung der PolaritĂ€t unterstreicht. Die FĂ€higkeit von Zentrosomen, eine einzige PolaritĂ€tsachse von jeder Position im Embryo festzulegen, betont die FlexibilitĂ€t und die selbstorganisierenden Eigenschaften der Polarisierung von C. elegans Embryos und steht somit im Gegensatz zu dem verbreiteten Bild von der UnverĂ€nderlichkeit in der Entwicklung dieses Nematoden. Des Weiteren habe ich das Vorhandensein und Verhalten der Mitochondrien des Spermiums in der Zygote untersucht. Die Mitochondrien des Spermiums sind vor der Polarisierung des Embryos um das Zentrosom konzentriert und zerstreuen sich erst nach der Initiierung der Polarisierung. Ihre Verbreitung in spĂ€teren Stufen der Entwicklung scheint zufĂ€llig zu sein. Die Mitochondrien des Spermiums können auch noch in spĂ€teren Stadien (ĂŒber 300 Zellen) beobachtet werden, sie könnten jedoch spezifisch aus den VorlĂ€uferzellen der Keimbahn eliminiert werden, um eine Weitergabe von heteroplasmischer mitochondrialer DNA an die nĂ€chste Generation zu vermeiden.Cell polarity provides essential spatial information to guide developmental decisions. One-cell C. elegans embryos have proven an important model system for understanding cell polarity, largely because of their highly stereotyped development, including the process of polarization. While much is known about the maintenance of cell polarity, the requirements for the initiation of polarity are less well understood. Centrosomes are required for polarity establishment in one-cell C. elegans embryos. It has been proposed that the movement of the centrosome to the cell cortex determines the time and place of polarization, and a current model proposes that direct centrosome-cortex interactions are necessary for polarity establishment. I assessed how centrosome position relative to the cortex affects polarity establishment. I found that centrosomes can initiate polarity from any position within the embryo volume, but centrosome-cortex proximity decreases the time required to initiate polarity. Polarization itself brings about close centrosomecortex proximity. Prior to polarization, cytoplasmic microtubules constrained centrosome movement near the cortex, expanding the controversial role of microtubules during polarity establishment in C.elegans. The ability of centrosomes to induce a single polarity axis from any position within the egg emphasizes the flexible, self-organizing properties of polarization in C. elegans embryos and contrasts the common view of C. elegans development as invariant. Furthermore I investigated the presence of sperm provided mitochondria in the zygote. Sperm mitochondria cluster around the centrosome before symmetry breaking and disperse once symmetry is broken. Their distribution during later development appears to be random. Sperm mitochonria can be seen in late in the development (beyond 300 cells). However, paternal mitochondria may be selectively excluded from the germline progenitor cells thus limiting trasmission of heteroplasmic mtDNA to the next generation

    Centrosomes Can Initiate a Polarity Axis from Any Position within One-Cell C. elegans Embryos

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    SummaryThe stereotyped asymmetry of one-cell C. elegans embryos has proven to be an important model for identifying molecular determinants of cell polarity [1]. How polarity is initiated is less well understood. Polarity establishment depends on centrosomes [2–4], which use two molecularly distinct pathways to break symmetry [5–8]. In both, the centrosome's position adjacent to the cell cortex is thought to determine where polarization starts. Defects in centrosome-cortex juxtaposition correlate with defects in polarity establishment in several mutants [4, 9, 10], suggesting that these processes may be linked, but there is no direct test of this. Here we assess how centrosome position relative to the cortex affects polarity establishment. We find that centrosomes can initiate polarity from any position within the embryo volume, but centrosome-cortex proximity decreases the time required to initiate polarity. Polarization itself brings about close centrosome-cortex proximity. Prior to polarization, cytoplasmic microtubules constrain centrosome movement near the cortex, expanding the controversial role of microtubules during polarity establishment [4–6, 11–13]. The ability of centrosomes to induce a single polarity axis from any position within the egg emphasizes the flexible, self-organizing properties of polarization in C. elegans embryos and contrasts the common view of C. elegans development as invariant

    Lactococcus lactis IBB477 presenting adhesive and muco-adhesive properties as a candidate carrier strain for oral vaccination against influenza virus

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    In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), adhesion is a prerequisite for bacterial colonization. Lactococci can be used in functional food (probiotics) and health-related applications (mucosal vaccines, therapeutic drug delivery), both potentially involving adhesive properties. A candidate lactic acid bacterium for influenza antigen delivery through the GIT should display the ability to adhere. The present work probes the interactions between Lactococcus lactis and mucins using pig gastric mucin (PGM) as a model. Two strains were used for the optimization of the screening method for adhesion: L. lactis subsp. cremoris IBB477 persistent in the GIT of germ-free rats, and the low-adhering control strain MG1820. High adhesion to bare and mucin-coated polystyrene of IBB477 in comparison with MG1820 was observed. We searched for genetic determinants potentially involved in the adhesion/muco-adhesion of IBB477, identifying two such genes: prtP and a gene coding for a protein with MUB and MucBP domains. Based on its persistence in the GIT and adhesive properties, L. lactis IBB477 is a candidate carrier strain for expression of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) protein for induction of mucosal immune response
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