Embedding Circular Economy Principles into Urban Regeneration and Waste Management: Framework and Metrics

In a highly urbanised world, cities have become main centers of resource consumption and generation of waste. The notion of the circular economy (CE) identifies strategies for slowing and narrowing resource use through the prevention of waste, improvement of resource use, and substitution of the use of primary resources with recovered materials (and energy). The literature has recently started to explore the concept of circular cities, and a number of cities around the globe have adopted circular economy strategies. Urban regeneration can play a critical role in enabling more circular loops of resources and contribute to more sustainable urban environments; however, there is a lack of contributions in the literature that explore the circularity of urban regeneration projects. The aim of this research is to address this gap by providing a framework and metrics to embed circular economy principles into urban regeneration. The proposed framework and set of metrics are then applied to a case study in West London to quantitatively assess CE implications and point to opportunities to increase circularity. Three main scenarios are developed to assess resource impacts of different waste strategies. The maximizing recycling scenario suggests that over 65% recycling and just under 35% energy recovery could be achieved for the area. However, findings suggest potential trade-offs between strategies centered around energy recovery from waste and strategies that prioritise recycling of recyclable fractions from waste. The three scenarios are then assessed against the CE metrics proposed. Again, here, ‘maximising recycling’ better aligns with the proposed CE metrics and contributes to cutting around 50% of GHG emissions associated with management/disposal of residual waste while increasing opportunities for resource recovery. Finally, some conclusions are drawn pointing to pathways to maximise optimal resource use and infrastructural provision in urban regeneration

Closing the loop on plastics in Europe: The role of data, information and knowledge

Concerns over plastic waste and support for a plastic circular economy have been growing in recent years. Specific needs to promote re-circulation of plastics in terms of data, information and knowledge are poorly understood. Based on the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, this paper aims to understand how information and knowledge issues may inhibit or foster the development of secondary plastics markets in Europe. Results highlight that key barriers associated with data-information-knowledge map across, and interact with, policies and standards, market and technology, socio-cultural norms, networks and business models. The packaging sector has drawn more policy attention, and institutions to support information sharing such as labelling and certification are more mature. The automotive and EEE sectors have illustrated knowledge diffusion through supply chain collaboration, while the construction sector appears to have slower practical progress on industry-level knowledge diffusion. This paper contributes to the multi-level perspective on transition studies by focusing the empirical work on a new area of plastic circular economy. The cases playing out across the whole value chain and four different application areas provide insights that are potentially more widely applicable to the circular economy transition processes in Europe

Fritz Scholz — Un homenaje con motivo de su anunciada jubilación

[ES] El Profesor Doctor Fritz Scholz (Greifswald University) ha anunciado su jubilación para el próximo año. Este artículo es un homenaje a un químico destacado que ha contribuido de manera notable al desarrollo de la química analítica y al estudio analítico del patrimonio cultural y que ha estado muy estrechamente vinculado al Instututo Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio.[EN] Professor Doctor Fritz Scholz (Greifswald University) has announced his retirement for the next year. This article is a tribute to an outstanding chemist that has notably contributed to the development of the analytical chemistry and the analytical studies of cultural heritage and has been narrowly linked to the Institut Universitari de Restauració del Patrimoni.Domenech Carbo, A.; Domenech Carbo, MT. (2020). Fritz Scholz — Un homenaje con motivo de su anunciada jubilación. Arché. (13 - 14 - 15):227-230. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/15699422723013 - 14 - 1

Multiple-scan voltammetry and OCP: Archaeometric tools for dating archaeological bronzes

[EN] The application of a multiple-scan strategy to nanosamples taken from 18 cross-sections of Bronze Age arms and armour, as well as two Roman coins using two solid-state electrochemical techniques, the voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) and open circuit potential measurements (OCP) is described. The voltammetric responses in contact with aqueous acetate buffer can be attributed to the reduction of cuprite with variable degree of compaction and crystallinity revealing significant differences in the gradient of such properties with depth. Such differences are also revealed by "dry" OCP measurements connecting points in the cross section near and separated from the corrosion layer. The voltammetric study of the metallographic samples of the bronze objects shows correlation with the age of the objects, respectively the period of their deposition. We discuss also (potential) influence of different factors on the VIMP and OCP measurements, such as deposition context (soil, water), chemical composition of the copper alloys, and microstructural features (ascast, annealed, work-hardened), and how to overcome these issues.Project CTQ2017-85317-C2-1-P, supported with Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ERDF) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI), is gratefully acknowledged.Doménech-Carbó, A.; Mödlinger, M.; Domenech Carbo, MT. (2021). Multiple-scan voltammetry and OCP: Archaeometric tools for dating archaeological bronzes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 893:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115336S1989

Cation and anion electrochemically assisted solid-state transformations of malachite green

[EN] The possibility of the electrochemical promotion of different solid-to-solid transformations including the performance of successive cation and anion insertion processes has been tested using malachite green, a triphenylmethane dye, in contact with aqueous NaCl electrolyte. Electrochemical data using the voltammetry of microparticles methodology reveal significant differences with the solution phase electrochemistry of the dye. Voltammetric data, combined with atomic force microscopy, focusing ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy permit characterization of the oxidative dissolution, oxidation with anion insertion, reduction with cation insertion and reduction with anion issue processes, whose thermochemical aspects, involving separate ion and electron transport contributions, are discussed.Financial support from the Project CTQ2017-85317-C2-1-P (Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ERDF) and Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)), is gratefully acknowledged.Doménech-Carbó, A.; Dias, D.; Domenech Carbo, MT. (2020). Cation and anion electrochemically assisted solid-state transformations of malachite green. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 22(3):1502-1510. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05835dS1502151022

Characterization of additives of PVAc and acrylic waterborne dispersions and paints by analytical Py-GC-MS and Py-Silylation-GC-MS

[EN] Commercial formulations of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and acrylic dispersions and paints commonly used by artists include a number of additives such as surfactants, coalescing agents, defoamers and thickeners, which are designed for improving shelf-life, as well as chemical and physical properties of the resulting product. Recent studies have shown that additives present in paints play an important role in the alteration processes undergone by the painting during ageing and further in cleaning tasks planed in conservation interventions. However, the identification of additives is a difficult task due to the elusive character of these substances present at low concentration in the paint. In this context, a four-step approach is proposed that includes analysis of paint samples together with analysis of their water extracted products by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-silylation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-silylation-GC-MS). This analytical strategy enables a better characterization of common additives present in commercial PVAc and acrylic paints and dispersions. In particular, the analysis of water soluble extracts, which are mainly composed by paint additives, avoids the interference of the major polymer pyrolizates. Experimental conditions concerning sample preparation and instrumental working conditions of both Py-GC techniques are optimized. Both acrylic and PVAc paints presented poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) type fragments dominating the background of their pyrograms, especially when derivatized by means of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). For the first time, additives such as alkyl sulfate and alkyl ether sulfate with C-10 and C-12 alkyl chains, poly(ethoxylate) fatty alcohol and octylphenyl poly(ethoxylate) surfactants were identified, as well as polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) protective colloids, hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane (HEUR) thickeners an defoamers. Their major fragments and corresponding mass spectra are discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Financial support from the MINECO Projects CTQ2011-28079-CO3-01 and CTQ2014-53736-C3-1-P, which are supported with ERDF funds, is gratefully acknowledged.Silva, MF.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Osete Cortina, L. (2015). Characterization of additives of PVAc and acrylic waterborne dispersions and paints by analytical Py-GC-MS and Py-Silylation-GC-MS. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 113:606-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.04.011S60662011

Dating archaeological copper using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Comparison with voltammetry of microparticles dating

[EN] A methodology for dating copper/bronze archaeological objects aged under atmospheric environments using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is described. The method is based on the measurement of resistance associated to the growth of corrosion layers in EIS recorded upon immersion of the pieces in mineral water and applying a bias potential for the reduction of dissolved oxygen. Theoretical expressions for the time variation of such resistance following a potential rate law are presented. Equivalent expressions are derived and applied for estimating the variation of the tenorite/cuprite ratio from their specific voltammetric signals using voltammetry of microparticles data. Calibration curves were constructed from a set of well-documented coins.Financial support from the MEC Projects CTQ2011-28079-CO3-01 and 02 and CTQ2014-53736-C3-2-P which are supported with ERDF funds is gratefully acknowledged.Domenech Carbo, A.; Capelo, S.; Piquero-Cilla, J.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Barrio, J.; Fuentes, A.; Al Sekhaneh, W. (2016). Dating archaeological copper using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Comparison with voltammetry of microparticles dating. Materials and Corrosion. 67(2):120-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201408048S120129672Friedman, I., & Smith, R. L. (1960). Part I, The Development of the Method. American Antiquity, 25(4), 476-493. doi:10.2307/276634Reich, S., Leitus, G., & Shalev, S. (2003). Measurement of corrosion content of archaeological lead artifacts by their Meissner response in the superconducting state; a new dating method. New Journal of Physics, 5, 99-99. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/399Scholz, F., Schröder, U., Meyer, S., Brainina, K. Z., Zakhachuk, N. F., Sobolev, N. V., & Kozmenko, O. A. (1995). The electrochemical response of radiation defects of non-conducting materials An electrochemical access to age determinations. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 385(1), 139-142. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(94)03840-yDoménech-Carbó, A., Labuda, J., & Scholz, F. (2012). Electroanalytical chemistry for the analysis of solids: Characterization and classification (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 85(3), 609-631. doi:10.1351/pac-rep-11-11-13Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Costa, V. (Eds.). (2009). Electrochemical Methods in Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration. Monographs in Electrochemistry. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92868-3Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Peiró-Ronda, M. A. (2011). Dating Archeological Lead Artifacts from Measurement of the Corrosion Content Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles. Analytical Chemistry, 83(14), 5639-5644. doi:10.1021/ac200731qDoménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Capelo, S., Pasíes, T., & Martínez-Lázaro, I. (2014). Dating Archaeological Copper/Bronze Artifacts by Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 53(35), 9262-9266. doi:10.1002/anie.201404522Benarie, M., & Lipfert, F. L. (1986). A general corrosion function in terms of atmospheric pollutant concentrations and rain pH. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 20(10), 1947-1958. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90336-7Strandberg, H. (1998). Reactions of copper patina compounds—II. influence of sodium chloride in the presence of some air pollutants. Atmospheric Environment, 32(20), 3521-3526. doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00058-2Cano, E., Lafuente, D., & Bastidas, D. M. (2009). Use of EIS for the evaluation of the protective properties of coatings for metallic cultural heritage: a review. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(3), 381-391. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0902-6Hernandez-Escampa, M., Gonzalez, J., & Uruchurtu-Chavarin, J. (2009). Electrochemical assessment of the restoration and conservation of a heavily corroded archaeological iron artifact. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 40(2), 345-356. doi:10.1007/s10800-009-0003-3Angelini, E., Grassini, S., Parvis, M., & Zucchi, F. (2011). An in situ investigation of the corrosion behaviour of a weathering steel work of art. Surface and Interface Analysis, 44(8), 942-946. doi:10.1002/sia.3842Grassini, S., Angelini, E., Parvis, M., Bouchar, M., Dillmann, P., & Neff, D. (2013). An in situ corrosion study of Middle Ages wrought iron bar chains in the Amiens Cathedral. Applied Physics A, 113(4), 971-979. doi:10.1007/s00339-013-7724-1Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Peiró-Ronda, M. A., Martínez-Lázaro, I., & Barrio-Martín, J. (2012). Application of the voltammetry of microparticles for dating archaeological lead using polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 16(7), 2349-2356. doi:10.1007/s10008-012-1668-9Degrigny, C., Guibert, G., Ramseyer, S., Rapp, G., & Tarchini, A. (2009). Use of E corr vs time plots for the qualitative analysis of metallic elements from scientific and technical objects: the SPAMT Test Project. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(3), 425-435. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0890-6Souissi, N., Bousselmi, L., Khosrof, S., & Triki, E. (2004). Voltammetric behaviour of an archeaological bronze alloy in aqueous chloride media. Materials and Corrosion, 55(4), 284-292. doi:10.1002/maco.200303719Souissi, N., Triki, E., Bousselmi, L., & Khosrof, S. (2006). Comparaison between archaeological and artificially aged bronze interfaces. Materials and Corrosion, 57(10), 794-799. doi:10.1002/maco.200503974Souissi, N., & Triki, E. (2009). Characterization of ethnographic copper corrosion. Materials and Corrosion, 60(4), 262-268. doi:10.1002/maco.200805068Mata, A. L., Salta, M. M. L., Neto, M. M. M., Mendonça, M. H., & Fonseca, I. T. E. (2010). Characterization of two Roman coins from an archaeological site in Portugal. Materials and Corrosion, 61(3), 205-210. doi:10.1002/maco.200905284Feliu, S., Morcillo, M., & Feliu, S. (1993). The prediction of atmospheric corrosion from meteorological and pollution parameters—II. Long-term forecasts. Corrosion Science, 34(3), 415-422. doi:10.1016/0010-938x(93)90113-uSpence, J. W., Haynie, F. H., Lipfert, F. W., Cramer, S. D., & McDonald, L. G. (1992). Atmospheric Corrosion Model for Galvanized Steel Structures. CORROSION, 48(12), 1009-1019. doi:10.5006/1.3315903Bhattacharjee, S., Roy, N., Dey, A. K., & Banerjee, M. K. (1993). Statistical appraisal of the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel. Corrosion Science, 34(4), 573-581. doi:10.1016/0010-938x(93)90273-jKobus, J. (2000). Long-term atmospheric corrosion monitoring. Materials and Corrosion, 51(2), 104-108. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4176(200002)51:23.0.co;2-vBalasubramaniam, R., Laha, T., & Srivastava, A. (2004). Long term corrosion behaviour of copper in soil: A study of archaeological analogues. Materials and Corrosion, 55(3), 194-202. doi:10.1002/maco.200303723Natesan, M., Venkatachari, G., & Palaniswamy, N. (2006). Kinetics of atmospheric corrosion of mild steel, zinc, galvanized iron and aluminium at 10 exposure stations in India. Corrosion Science, 48(11), 3584-3608. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2006.02.006Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Pasies, T., & del Carmen Bouzas, M. (2012). Modeling Corrosion of Archaeological Silver-Copper Coins Using the Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles. Electroanalysis, 24(10), 1945-1955. doi:10.1002/elan.201200252Rosas-Camacho, O., Uquidi-Macdonald, M., & Macdonald, D. D. (2009). Deterministic Modeling of the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steel by Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and the Effect of Acetic Acid. I-Effect of Carbon Dioxide. doi:10.1149/1.3259806Macdonald, D., & Englehardt, G. (2010). The Point Defect Model for Bi-Layer Passive Films. doi:10.1149/1.3496427Sharifi-Asl, S., Taylor, M. L., Lu, Z., Engelhardt, G. R., Kursten, B., & Macdonald, D. D. (2013). Modeling of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic behavior of passive iron using a genetic algorithm approach. Electrochimica Acta, 102, 161-173. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.143Macdonald, D. D. (2011). The history of the Point Defect Model for the passive state: A brief review of film growth aspects. Electrochimica Acta, 56(4), 1761-1772. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.005Doménech-Carbó, A., Lastras, M., Rodríguez, F., Cano, E., Piquero-Cilla, J., & Osete-Cortina, L. (2013). Monitoring stabilizing procedures of archaeological iron using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 18(2), 399-409. doi:10.1007/s10008-013-2232-yBlum, D., Leyffer, W., & Holze, R. (1996). Pencil-Leads as new electrodes for abrasive stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis, 8(3), 296-297. doi:10.1002/elan.1140080317Doménech-Carbó, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Peiró-Ronda, Mªa. (2011). ‘One-Touch’ Voltammetry of Microparticles for the Identification of Corrosion Products in Archaeological Lead. Electroanalysis, 23(6), 1391-1400. doi:10.1002/elan.201000739Nair, M. T. ., Guerrero, L., Arenas, O. L., & Nair, P. . (1999). Chemically deposited copper oxide thin films: structural, optical and electrical characteristics. Applied Surface Science, 150(1-4), 143-151. doi:10.1016/s0169-4332(99)00239-1Scott, D. A. (1997). Copper compounds in metals and colorants: oxides and hydroxides. Studies in Conservation, 42(2), 93-100. doi:10.1179/sic.1997.42.2.93Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., & Martínez-Lázaro, I. (2010). Layer-by-layer identification of copper alteration products in metallic works of art using the voltammetry of microparticles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 680(1-2), 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.002Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M. T., Pasies, T., & Bouzas, M. C. (2011). Application of Modified Tafel Analysis to the Identification of Corrosion Products on Archaeological Metals Using Voltammetry of Microparticles. Electroanalysis, 23(12), 2803-2812. doi:10.1002/elan.201100577Li, W. S., Cai, S. Q., & Luo, J. L. (2004). Chronopotentiometric Responses and Capacitance Behaviors of Passive Film Formed on Iron in Borate Buffer Solution. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 151(4), B220. doi:10.1149/1.1667521Liu, W., Zhang, H., Qu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Li, J. (2009). Corrosion behavior of the steel used as a huge storage tank in seawater. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14(6), 965-973. doi:10.1007/s10008-009-0886-2Toledo-Matos, L. A., & Pech-Canul, M. A. (2010). Evolution of an iron passive film in a borate buffer solution (pH 8.4). Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 15(9), 1927-1934. doi:10.1007/s10008-010-1213-7Park, J.-J., & Pyun, S.-I. (2003). Analysis of impedance spectra of a pitted Inconel alloy 600 electrode in chloride ion-containing thiosulfate solution at temperatures of 298–573 K. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 7(6), 380-388. doi:10.1007/s10008-002-0346-8Ibrahim, M. A., Pongkao, D., & Yoshimura, M. (2001). The electrochemical behavior and characterization of the anodic oxide film formed on titanium in NaOH solutions. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 6(5), 341-350. doi:10.1007/s100080100229Xia, Z., Nanjo, H., Aizawa, T., Kanakubo, M., Fujimura, M., & Onagawa, J. (2007). Growth process of atomically flat anodic films on titanium under potentiostatical electrochemical treatment in H2SO4 solution. 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Aplicación de la técnica de microscopía electrónica por emisión de campo con haz de iones focalizado en el estudio del patrimonio cultural: cerámica arqueológica y fotografía histórica

[ES] Este trabajo nace a partir del interés por profundizar en el conocimiento y exploración de las capacidades de los distintos métodos de análisis de patrimonio cultural basados en técnicas nano invasivas (ng). La instrumentación de microscopía basada en la tecnología de haz de iones enfocado (FIB) ha ampliado notablemente el alcance de las aplicaciones industriales en el análisis de superficie de materiales en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, esta técnica apenas se ha aplicado en el examen y análisis del patrimonio cultural. En este estudio se exponen los resultados obtenidos en la adaptación del sistema FIB con un microscopio electrónico de barrido de emisión de campo convencional microanálisis de rayos X (FESEM-EDX) como una metodología de análisis de superficie aplicada al estudio de cerámica vidriada y a los procesos fotográficos históricos.[EN] This work is born from the interest to deepen knowledge and explore capabilities of the different methods of analysis on cultural heritage based on nanoinvasive techniques (ng). Microscopy instrumentation based on focused ion beam (FIB) technology has significantly expanded the scope of industrial applications for material surface analysis in recent decades. However, this technique has scarcely been applied in the examination and analysis of cultural heritage. This study sets out the results obtained in adapting the FIB system with a conventional X-ray micro-analysis (FESEMEDX) field emission scanning electron microscope as a surface analysis methodology applied to the glazed ceramic study and historical photographic processes.La presente investigación está financiada con los proyectos I+D: CTQ2017-85317-C2-1-P cofinanciado por el Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades, el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ERDF) y la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI). Los autores agradecen la colaboración de Manuel Planes, José Luis Moya y Alicia Nuez, técnicos del Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento a Josep Pérez, Director del Museo de Cerámica de Manises que ha facilitado el fragmento de cerámica objeto de estudio.Domenech Carbo, A.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Mai Cerovaz, C. (2020). Aplicación de la técnica de microscopía electrónica por emisión de campo con haz de iones focalizado en el estudio del patrimonio cultural: cerámica arqueológica y fotografía histórica. Arché. (13 - 14 - 15):149-156. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/15659514915613 - 14 - 1

Influence of plasticizer and biocide on the functional properties of gelatin-based adhesives used in painting consolidation

The study presented herein focuses on the influence of glycerol and citronella oil, added to gelatin dispersions as plasticizer and biocide, respectively, on the mechanical, water barrier and other functional properties of gelatin-based adhesives used in treatments of painting consolidation. For this purpose, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy analyses combined with tensile, water vapour permeability, water content and water solubility tests were performed on gelatin films prepared by adding glycerol and citronella oil. These two products were chosen for their low toxicity and eco-friendly properties. The modification in the behaviour of gelatin-based adhesives as a result of addition of glycerol and citronella oil was evaluated on the basis of changes of the three-dimensional structure of the protein molecules due to their interaction with glycerol and citronella oil. All these data were provided by the analytical techniques. In a second step, stability of the proposed adhesive to light was assessed to establish its suitability for painting consolidation. The results suggest that citronella oil enhances the effectiveness of glycerol to improve mechanical behaviour and reversibility of the gelatine-based adhesive. Light ageing of the specimens containing the proposed additives produced no remarkable changes in structure, mechanical, water barrier and other functional properties of the adhesives.Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Spanish 'I+D+I MICINN' projects CTQ2011-28079-CO3-01 supported by ERDEF funds.Domenech Carbo, MT.; Lee, Y.; Osete Cortina, L.; Martín Rey, S. (2015). Influence of plasticizer and biocide on the functional properties of gelatin-based adhesives used in painting consolidation. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 29(17):1774-1795. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.975999S17741795291

Electrochemical analysis of gildings in Valencia altarpieces: a cross-age study since fifteenth until twentieth century, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry

[EN] The application of the voltammetry of microparticles methodology to the study of gildings in paintings and architectural ornaments is described. Nanosamples from pieces from different churches of the Comunitat Valenciana (Spain) covering since the fifteenth century until nowadays were studied upon attachment to graphite electrodes in contact with aqueous HCl and H2SO4 electrolytes. Electrochemical measurements, combined with field emission scanning electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis (FESEM-EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) data, denoted that a common manufacturing technique was used with minimal variations along time. The relationship between specific voltammetric features associated to bulk gold and active surface sites, however, changed monotonically with time, thus suggesting the possibility of age monitoring.Financial support from the MINECO Projects CTQ2014-53736-C3-1-P, CTQ2014-53736-C3-2-P and MAT2015-65445-C2-2-R, which are supported with ERDF funds is gratefully acknowledged. Likewise financial support of the Comunidad de Madrid and structural funds of the EU through Programa Geomateriales 2 ref. S2013/MIT-2914 is acknowledged. The authors thank the Seccion de Investigacion Arqueologica Municipal de Valencia for kindly authorizing sampling to carry out this research. The authors also thank Dr. Jose Luis Moya Lopez and Mr. Manuel Planes Insausti (Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia) for their technical support.Ferragud Adam, JV.; Piquero-Cilla, J.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Guerola Blay, V.; Company Climent, J.; Domenech Carbo, A. (2016). 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