Terminologia Anatomica and its practical usage: pitfalls and how to avoid them

In 2016, the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology tentatively approved the updated and extended version of anatomical terminology that replaced the previous version of Terminologia Anatomica (1998). This modern version has already appeared in new editions of leading anatomical atlases and textbooks, including Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, even though it was originally available only as a draft and the final version is different. We believe that updated and extended versions of anatomical terminology are important and they can be a powerful tool in communication between anatomists and other specialists around the world. In general, the new version uses more precise and adequate anatomical terms and many segments, including the part dealing with the nervous system, which is also known as the Terminologia Neuroanatomica, have been considerably improved. Nevertheless, some segments have not been extended or modernised, while other parts have been modified considerably, thereby posing a challenge to those who prefer the traditional version of Latin terminology because a number of official names for bones, muscles, organs and blood vessels have been changed. Whilst most of these changes seem to be inspired by a long anatomical tradition and thus cannot come as a surprise to anyone in the field, other modifications are characterised by terminological innovativeness. Selected new and unexpected changes that might cause confusion among those who prefer traditional anatomical terms and definitions are discussed here

Development of the descending colon during the human foetal period

The growth, changes in shape, topography and relation to the peritoneum of the descending colon were assessed on the basis of material taken from 178 foetuses of both sexes, aged from 72 to 236 days of pregnancy. The statistical analysis method demonstrated that the descending colon growth process occurs about a month earlier in female foetuses as compared to male ones. From the statistical point of view, the longitudinal growth of the descending colon significantly slows down in the 7th and 8th months of pregnancy, while the width of this part of the large intestine increases sharply towards the end of the foetal development period. The statistically important process of the descending colon rising over the surface of the left kidney and adrenal gland was noticed in male foetuses. This occurs approximately one month earlier in female foetuses as compared to males. The ascent of this part of the colon is accompanied by a change in its shape from straight, to curved and, finally, to wavy in the oldest age group of male foetuses. The changes in relation to the peritoneum are manifest in a gradual change in the position of this section of the intestine from the intraperitoneal, where more than 40% of the cases examined had a fully movable mesentery, to the extraperitoneal, with 14% of foetuses having a mesentery in the 8th month of pregnancy

A contribution to the discussion concerning the variability of the third peroneal muscle: an anatomical analysis on the basis of foetal material

The aim of the work was to make a systemic study of the variability of the human musculus peroneus tertius during the foetal period. Examination was made of 193 foetuses of ages ranging from 84 to 256 days after conception. The results obtained indicated that the musculus peroneus tertius was present in 83.16% of the human foetuses studied and that its intrauterine development was progressive and almost proportional. Previous studies have not revealed dimorphic or bilateral differences with respect to any of the features examined. On the basis of the examinations and bibliographical data a uniform typology of the musculus peroneus tertius variants was created and three final types were distinguished: the pithecogenic (44% cases), eugenic (34% cases) and progenic (22% cases)

Application of Volatile Compounds Analysis for Distinguishing between Red Wines from Poland and from Other European Countries

Authenticity and the geographical origin of wines are terms of great importance for consumers and producers. This work is focused on distinguishing between red wines from Poland and from other European countries, notably France, Italy and Spain. To achieve this goal, we determined aroma compounds in wines from different countries by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The content of hexan-1-ol in Polish wines was significantly higher (about twice as high) than in French, Italian and Spanish wines.  Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that 3-(methylsulfanyl) propane-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, ethyl phenylacetate and ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate were the most discriminant variables for distinguishing between wines from Poland and from other European countries.  Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that Polish wines were separated thoroughly from the other wines based on ethyl phenylacetate, hexan-1-ol, ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-phenylethanol and 3-(methylsulfanyl)propan-1-ol, which is important for preventing possible frauds

Influence of the speed of downward semi-continuous casting on the crystal size and mechanical properties of recycled copper

In this study, the influence of the speed of downward semi-continuous casting on the crystal size and mechanical properties of recycled copper after casting and cold deformation was investigated. It was shown that the increase in the casting speed from 0,09 m / min to 0,22 m / min resulted in refinement of the macrostructure and reduction of the crystal cross-sectional area from 3,221 mm2 to 1,2 mm2, which resulted in an increase in microhardness after casting by 8 %, while in the state after cold working, an increase in microhardness by 3 % and ultimate tensile strength by 2,5 %

Influence of the speed of downward semi-continuous casting on the crystal size and mechanical properties of recycled copper

In this study, the influence of the speed of downward semi-continuous casting on the crystal size and mechanical properties of recycled copper after casting and cold deformation was investigated. It was shown that the increase in the casting speed from 0,09 m / min to 0,22 m / min resulted in refinement of the macrostructure and reduction of the crystal cross-sectional area from 3,221 mm2 to 1,2 mm2, which resulted in an increase in microhardness after casting by 8 %, while in the state after cold working, an increase in microhardness by 3 % and ultimate tensile strength by 2,5 %

A case of elongated styloid process in a modern-age skull from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

Background: The styloid process (SP) arises from cartilage of the second branchial arch and tends to calcify during later life. If the length of the SP is more than 30 mm, it can be considered abnormally elongated. Clinical symptoms associated with elongation of this type are defined as Eagle’s syndrome. The paper presents a case of an elongated SP in a modern skull from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, obtained from a series of skulls of African slaves kept at the Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Wroclaw. Materials and methods: The skull belonged to a male individual, aged ca. 55 years at death (maturus). In terms of basic anthropometric features it had slightly greater facial width parameters in comparison to the cerebral part, and a shorter length of neurocranium when compared to average values of morphological features in African skulls from Uganda. Results: Further macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of an elongated SP (ca. 70.1 mm) with secondary lesions remaining after a healed fracture. Imaging of the bone structure of the elongated SP was carried out using a computed to­mography scan, with multilevel image analysis without contrast. The elongation and calcification of the left ligament in anterior orientation could have caused irritation to the structure of cranial nerves, running within the parapharyngeal space, and to sympathetic fibres running in the wall of cervical arteries. Conclusions: Analyses of craniological materials recovered during excavations or as part of old osteological collections are rare due to the fragility of this bone structure, and for that reason they may be a valuable source of information on the health status of historic human populations

Musculus peroneus longus in fetal period

The lateral compartment of the leg, due to its distal and concurrent superficial positioning, is a multiple trauma site. Detailed knowledge of compartimentum lateralis cruris (CLC) structure is crucial for physicians. Musculus peroneus longus (MPL) is located within the structures of the CLC the most superficially. There is a lot of data on the morphology of the MPL but there is no publication analysing in detail its anatomy in the foetal period. The aim of the study was to determine the variability of metric and morphological parameters of MPL in a studied period of prenatal ontogenesis. The analysis included 207 human fetuses (101 males and 106 females)) at calendar age from 113 to 222 days The analysed material comes from the local anatomy collection. Fetuses were stored in a typical preservation solutions. Access to the muscle was obtained on the basis of standard preparation techniques. The authors evaluated the metric parameters of the muscle showing the presence of variable dynamics of metric increments of the examined muscle in particular age classes. In the studied period of prenatal ontogenesis, the features of MPL increase by about 60% in the length and width dimension and by about 100% in the thickness dimension The topography of the initial and final muscle attachment was also evaluated. Statistically significant dimorphic differences were found in some aspects of muscle attachment topography. The analysis of the place of the origin and insertion of MPL showed a relatively large variety of these features