First Report of Horseradish Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria brassicae in Serbia

In July 2014, a foliar spot disease of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) was observed in the Bačka region of Serbia (45°14′17″ N; 19°42′22″ E). The disease was observed in several small vegetable farms and disease incidence approached 20 to 40%. The symptoms first appeared on the abaxial side of older leaves as light brown concentric spots with dark margins and sometimes haloes. The spots varied in size between 0.5 and 0.9 cm. The necrotic spots gradually enlarged, tore, and dropped out. Under high humidity and temperature in 2014 in that region, development of numerous necrosis spots resulted in a rapid reduction of leaves. Small pieces taken from infected leaf tissue of diseased horseradish were treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distillated water (SDW), and placed on V8 agar. Isolates were grown in pure culture at 24°C for 5 days in 12 h light/dark photoperiod. Morphological characteristics of the colony and sporulation were determined for six representative isolates. Fungal colonies were smooth, color varied from white, off white to light brown with concentric zones and intensive sporulation. Conidia were light brown, obclavate, produced singly or in short chains. Mature conidia were 16 to 38 µm wide and 73 to 158 µm long with a beak cell 79 to 120 µm long with 8 to 11 transverse septa and 0 to 4 longitudinal septa. Based on morphological characteristics, all isolates were identified as Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc (Simmons 2007). To confirm the pathogen’s identity, DNA was extracted from the fungal isolates and subjected to PCR; the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The resulting amplicons were sequenced by Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea) and deposited in NCBI GenBank (Accession Nos. KP115599 to KP115604). BLAST analysis of revealed 100% homology with a sequence of A. brassicae strain ATCC 58169 deposited in GenBank (JX499028). Pathogenicity of six representative isolates was tested on leaves of 2-month-old horseradish seedlings by spraying with aqueous conidial suspensions (105 conidia/ml) prepared from cultures grown on V8 agar at 24°C for 5 days. Negative control plants were sprayed with SDW. Plants were covered with plastic bags and placed for 48 h in a greenhouse at 20 to 22°C. For all isolates within 10 days, inoculated plants developed brown lesions on leaves. Plants treated with SDW were symptomless. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, reisolations from all tested strains were done by streaking margins of necrotic leaf spot tissue onto V8 agar. Reisolated strains showed the same colony morphology as described above. Based on the pathogenicity test accompanied by completion of Koch’s postulates, sequence analysis, and morphological and cultural characteristics, the strains were identified as A. brassicae. According to available literature data, this is the first report of this pathogen as the causal agent of brown leaf spot of horseradish in Serbia

Molecular characterization of potato virus Y inducing potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease in Serbia

The Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important limiting factor for potato seed production in Serbia. Currently, PVY is a major concern for the potato seed growers. Initially, serological (ELISA) tests were carried out on 100 potato seed tubers from each of the seven potato cv. during 2013. The infection rates with the PVYN was between 5 and 36%. A complete genome sequencing of the most common Serbian isolate of PVY (3D), followed by molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis has been performed to show what group it belongs to. Our isolate's complete genome sequence (KJ946936) showed that the Serbian PVY isolate (3D) is 99.7% identical at nt level, with other tuber necrosis strain group (PVYNTN) from Europe. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three consistent lineages of isolates, showing that our isolate was clustered with the isolates from Europe and North America in the PVYN lineage which induces potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD). The Serbian isolate of PVYNTN together with the isolates from Europe was clustered in the branch of European sublineage, with a high bootstrap support and no genetic diversity. This is the first study in Serbia demonstrating phylogenetic distinction between our isolate and other isolates of PVY