Preventing Others from Commercializing Your Innovation: Evidence from Creative Commons Licenses

Online innovation communities are an important source of innovation for many organizations. While contributions to such communities are typically made without financial compensation, these contributions are often governed by licenses such as Creative Commons that may prevent others from building upon and commercializing them. While this can diminish the usefulness of contributions, there is limited work analyzing what leads individuals to impose restrictions on the use of their work. In this paper, we examine innovators imposing restrictive licenses within the 3D-printable design community Thingiverse. Our analyses suggest that innovators are more likely to restrict commercialization of their contributions as their reputation increases and when reusing contributions created by others. These findings contribute to innovation communities and the growing literature on property rights in digital markets

Salivary and serum concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage inhibitory factor, and fractalkine in relation to rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis

Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and fractalkine are chemokines that are expressed by a variety of cell types to regulate macrophage inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on their serum and salivary concentrations.Methods: Adults with either periodontitis (P, n = 21), or with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 23), or with both diseases (RA+P, n = 23) were included in the study. Systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (n = 22) served as controls. Saliva and serum samples were collected from all participants before the medical and periodontal examinations. Salivary and serum MCP-1, MIF, and fractalkine concentrations were measured by the Luminex technique. Total salivary protein levels were determined by the Bradford assay.Results: Salivary MCP-1, MIF, and fractalkine concentrations were elevated in both RA groups (RA+P and RA) in comparison with systemically healthy controls. As related to total salivary protein levels, higher MCP-1 (P = 0.003) and fractalkine (P = 0.045) concentrations were found in controls compared with the P group. In serum, MCP-1 concentrations in the RA+P group were higher (P = 0.003) than those of group P. Elevated serum fractalkine concentrations were observed in both periodontitis groups (RA+P, P = 0.014; and P, P = 0.013) compared with controls.Conclusions: In RA, MCP-1, MIF, and fractalkine concentrations are elevated in saliva. These chemokines may disrupt oral macrophage responses and potentially take part in the interaction between periodontitis and RA.</p

Salivary and serum levels of neutrophil proteases in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis

Objective: The aim was to profile serum and salivary levels of active-matrix metalloproteinase (aMMP)-8, tissue inhibitor MMP (TIMP)-1, aMMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio, total MMP (tMMP)-9, tMMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Materials and Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis patients with periodontitis (RA + P, n = 26), periodontally healthy RA patients (RA, n = 23), systemically healthy periodontitis patients (P, n = 24), and controls (C, n = 24) were included. aMMP-8 levels were determined by a time-resolved immunofluorescence assay (IFMA), TIMP-1, tMMP-9, MPO, and HNE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays.Results: Higher salivary aMMP-8 (p < 0.001), aMMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio (p = 0.043), tMMP-9 (p = 0.011), tMMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (p = 0.022), MPO (p = 0.026) and HNE (p < 0.001) levels were detected in P relative to the controls. Salivary TIMP-1 was increased in RA patients regardless of periodontal status (RA + P vs. P: p = 0.038; RA vs. C: p = 0.020). Serum neutrophil proteases were increased in RA groups (RA + P, RA) compared to systemically healthy groups (P, C) (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Serum levels of neutrophil proteases were increased in RA study groups; however rheumatologic status seemingly does not affect salivary levels of these proteins

Salivary human beta-defensins and cathelicidin levels in relation to periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-defined risk factor of periodontitis and it can affect expression of human beta-defensins (hBDs) and cathelicidin (LL-37) as well. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of periodontitis and T2DM on salivary concentrations of these antimicrobial peptides.Material and methods: Unstimulated saliva samples, together with full-mouth periodontal recordings were collected from 92 individuals with periodontitis (63 with T2DM and 21 smokers) and 86 periodontally healthy controls (58 with T2DM and 21 smokers). Salivary hBD-1, -2, -3, LL-37, and advanced glycalization end products (AGE) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Among the periodontitis patients, T2DM group demonstrated lower levels of hBD-1 (p = .006), hBD-2 (p p p p = .002) and LL-37 (p Conclusion: In the limits of this study, hyperglycaemia can be proposed as a regulator of salivary hBD and cathelicidin levels. Periodontitis, on the other hand, affects only salivary LL-37 levels.</p

The Dilemma of Grounding

Ted Sider suggests that the notion of grounding has an awkward dilemma at its foundation although the notion of grounding is an intellectual success (Sider 2, 2020). In my master’s thesis, I expound the dilemma of grounding and three viable solutions: the Aboutness Solution, the Bennettian Solution, and the Infinite Regress Solution. I argue that the Aboutness Solution is the best solution for the dilemma for the friends of grounding

Trade-offs to using standardized tools: Innovation enablers or creativity constraints?

Research Summary: In platform ecosystems, the creation of new products is often based on standardized development tools. Complementors often have a choice between either using these tools or creating the functionality themselves. In this paper, we study how the use of standardized development tools is related to the type of products created. By using data on the use of middleware (e.g., game engines) in the console video game market, we show that the use of development tools is associated with products that are less novel but with higher sales on average. We exploit a policy change that affected the ability of U.S.-based developers to hire foreign workers as an instrument for the use of development tools and find further support for these patterns. Managerial Abstract: When developing new products, firms often have to decide whether they base their technology on preexisting components and standardized tools or develop that technology themselves. In general, it has not been clear how using standardized third-party tools that may be available to all firms in an industry affects the nature of the products that are created. Using data on middleware components, such as game engines, in the console video game industry, this paper shows the use of such standardized tools is associated with the creation of products that are less novel but generate higher sales on average. This is an important strategic consideration for firms, but also for platforms that make decisions regarding whether such tools should be allowed on their platform