"Nemzethalál" vagy kereskedelmi érdek? : az Ïduq Ötükän yïš ('Szent Ötükán erdő') az orchoni feliratokon

The paper deals with the role and importance of the Old Turkic sacred mountain, the Otukan (contemporary Mt. Khangai) in the context of the Sino-Turkic relations. Along with its sacrality Otiikdn was an ideal place to conduct trade and tribute relations with the Chinese. The Orkhon Inscriptions parallelly point out the sacrality of this place and its importance from the point of view of the trade relations with the Chinese (I S5-8, II N 3-6). The Turkic description of these relations is nearly the same that Barfield called 'outer frontier strategy' in connection with the old Hsiung-nu-Chinese relations. As for the name of Otiikdn, there are several places, stony grasslands among the mountains called Odugen or Odugen-tayya in Tuva

Az ayuq és a területiség fogalmai a régi Belső-Ázsiában

The aim of this paper is to give a possible etymology of the Old Turkic term ayuq 'realm' and investigate its relations with other terms of traditional Inner Asian administrative terms, mostly with Mongolia ay(i)may 'county'. The paper also deals with the notion of territorial realm and territorial administration among the peoples of the steppe-zone

Buyruq : egy ótörök tisztségnév anatómiája

This paper deals with the career of the well-known Old Turkic title buyruq. The most plausible etymology for this word is the Turkic verb buyur- to command, even that this verb is not attested by the Old Turkic sources. The meaning of buyruq is so 'commanded (by the Khagan) to do something.' The Chinese equivalent of this title is mei-lu, or mei-lu tu-tu (*buyruq-tutuq). Mahmud al-Kashghari recorded it in the form of biruq, and translated it to Arabic as 'chamberlain'. The buyruq was not a part of the traditional tribal aristocracy. From the examples shown in the paper it will be clear that each buyruq had an occasional duty according to the Khagan's actual commands, which no traditional and permanent place in the Turkic hierarchy. Some buyruq were also present in the courts of the mighty aristocrats or venerable ladies of the Empire. From the Uighur period on, we can see the uluy uyruq who had the duty of the governor of a tribe and the ic buyruq who were in court service