Mısırda’ki bakla arı tozlayıcıların bolluğu ve yiyecek arama faaliyetleri üzerine bazı insektisitlerin etkisi: Bir vaka çalışması

Insect pollinators provide many essential ecosystem services including pollination, and many others. However, pollinating insects are currently facing potential threats on an unprecedented scale with many species facing decline. Honeybee Apis mellifera comprise nearly 68% of those affected insect pollinators. Irrational Insecticides application, with special reference to neonicotinoides group is one of the main causes of this decline. The main objective of the current study is to investigate the impact of some insecticides application on the activity of broad bean flower-visiting bees. Tested inseticides were thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid (neonicotinoids), spinosyns A and D, beside some organophosphates. Changes in the daily activity of bees visiting broad bean flowers following insecticide application was recorded and compared to their activity before application, throughout until the end of blooming season.Böcek tozlayıcıları, tozlaşma ve diğerleri dahil olmak üzere birçok temel ekosistem hizmeti sağlar. Bununla birlikte, tozlaşan böcekler şu anda birçok türün düşüşle karşı karşıya kalmasıyla eşi görülmemiş bir ölçekte potansiyel tehditlerle karşı karşıya. Bal arısı Apis mellifera, etkilenen böcek tozlaştırıcılarının yaklaşık %68'ini oluşturur. Neonicotinoides grubuna özel atıfta bulunulan irrasyonel İnsektisit uygulaması bu düşüşün ana nedenlerinden biridir. Mevcut çalışmanın temel amacı, bazı insektisit uygulamalarının bakla çiçeğini ziyaret eden arıların aktivitesi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Test edilen insektisitler, bazı organofosfatların yanında tiyametoksam, asetamiprid, tiakloprid (neonikotinoidler), spinosinler A ve D. Bakla çiçeklerini insektisit uygulaması sonrasında ziyaret eden arıların günlük aktivitelerinde meydana gelen değişimler kayıt altına alınmış ve çiçeklenme döneminin sonuna kadar uygulama öncesindeki aktiviteleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır

Toxic Effects of Trichloroethylene on Rat Neuroprogenitor Cells

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common volatile organic solvent which is considered as an ubiquitous environmental pollutant. It is claimed to be a developmental neurotoxicant. Our group evaluated previously its impact on three-dimensional neurospheres in vitro. The current work aims to investigate the neurotoxic effects of a lower concentration of TCE on the same system. To perform the experiment, neural progenitor cells were obtained from the brains of nine newborn rats. Afterward, these cells were cultured in both growth and differentiation media to get the neurospheres. Cell cultures were divided into two groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (exposed to 0.25 μM TCE). Neurospheres were photographed at different durations and assessment of the morphological changes such as proliferation and differentiation of neurospheres was done. In addition, cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry to clarify the mechanism of involved cytotoxicity. The results revealed that TCE-treated neurospheres showed significantly decreased proliferation on days 7 and 14. These cells failed to show the neurogenic differentiation seen in the neurospheres of the control group. Furthermore, a highly significant decrease in viability and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells were observed in the treated cells in comparison to the control group. The present work confirmed that TCE, at very low doses relevant to daily life exposure in humans, caused neurotoxic effects in 3D neurosphere model through the affection of neural proliferation and differentiation as well as disturbance of cell viability and apoptosis

<i>Musa</i> sp. Leaves Extract Ameliorates the Hepato-Renal Toxicities Induced by Cadmium in Mice

Heavy metals intoxication causes several health problems that necessitate finding new protective and therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Musa sp. leaves extract (MLE) on hepato-renal toxicities induced by cadmium (Cd) in male mice. The phytochemical screening, metal chelating activity (MCA), and the median lethal dose (LD50) of MLE were determined. Fifty CD-1 male mice were used and intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with MLE (1000 to 5000 mg/kg b.wt) for MLE LD50 determination. Another 50 mice were used for evaluating the effect of MLE on Cd toxicity. Blood samples were collected for hematological, liver, and kidney functions assessments. Liver tissue homogenates were used for determination of oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological and molecular investigations. MLE showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities. The MCA and LD50 of the MLE were 75 µg/mL and 3000 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. MLE showed beneficial therapeutic activity against hepato-renal toxicities in Cd-intoxicated mice, evidenced by improving the hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and molecular alterations

Trials for Replacing Antibiotics Used in Production of Tissue Culture Vaccines by Natural Antibacterial and Antifungal Extracts

The continuous use of antibiotics for tissue culture adapted vaccines production has led to the increase in the bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on bacterial and fungal contamination, in the production of tissue culture vaccines. The active agents in each plant were extracted by the conventional extraction technique using ethanol and water as solvents followed by concentration (steam distillation and boiling). The antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts were determined in well agar diffusion technique using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida albicans as model for gram positive, gram negative and fungal contamination, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the different solvent extracts were tested on VERO and MDBK cell culture. The obtained results indicated that water and ethanolic extracts from thyme and clove plants showed significant antimicrobial activities (P &lt; 0.05) as they could inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic extract of thyme had the maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli (2.40±0.20) and Candida albicans (3.07±0.3), and the lowest inhibition zone against S. aureus (1.53±0.23), whereas the thyme water extract didn’t show any antimicrobial activity. The ethanolic extract of clove showed the greatest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (2.63±0.2), E. coli (2.63±0.2), while the lowest was against S. aureus (1.87±0.3). Water extract of clove showed the greatest zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus (1.93±0.4, and 2.47±0.1), respectively and 0.97±0.1 against Candida albicans. The ethanolic extracts of thyme and clove showed changes in the cell wall until concentration 1 mg/ml for clove and 10 µg/ml for thyme on VERO cells; while the cytotoxic effect on MDBK cells was observed till the concentration of 100 µg/ml for clove and thyme water extracts. In conclusion, the antimicrobial potential of clove&nbsp; water extract on bacterial and fungal contaminant could replace antibiotics in the production of tissue culture vaccines at a concentration of 10 µg/ml

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population