THE ROLE OF FOLIC ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Objective: Depressive symptoms are the most common neuropsychiatric manifestation of folic acid deficiency. The objective of this research is to determine the role of folic acid in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: 60 outpatients with MDD and matched 30 healthy controls constituted the sample. The Personal Information Form was used to determine the sociodeniographic features of the patient and the control groups. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the criteria of MDD of DSM-IV were used to diagnos the MDD. 30 of the outpatients randomly selected as first group they were given fluoxetine (20 mgs per day), the remainders we given fluoxeline (20 mgs per day) and folic acid (5 mgs per day) as the second group. HDRS was applied lo the patients in 7^th, 14^th, 28^th, 42^th days and to the three groups at the beginning, and was measured serum folic acid levels 0 ^th, 14^th,. 28 ^th, 42^th days. After calculating HDRS scores and serum folic acid levels, the data were run on SPSS. The following statistical analyses were used in order to evaluate the data: variance analysis, student's t test. Mann-Whitney U test and Tukey's test. Result At the beginning, HDRS scores of first, second and control groups were 29.10, 26.93, 7.90 respectively. The mean serum folate levels were lower in the first and the second groups than It, controls. The decrease of HDRS scores were found to be faster in the second group than the first group. However, in 42^nd day, the difference between HDRS scores of the two groups was not significant statistically. Conclusion: As a result, one can say that adding folate to the treatment of MDD may reduce the occurrence and duration of MDD and increase the efficiency of antidepressant treatment

A computed tomography-based morphometric study of the styloid process

Background: The styloid process (SP) refers to a cylindrical piece projecting from the inferior of the temporal bone, situated anterior to the stylomastoid foramen. It is an anatomic formation close to major vessels and nerves, and its excessive elongation results in pathologies leading to anatomical disorders, such as Eagle’s syndrome. Several studies have been conducted on SP in relation to its close proximity to vessels and nerves, but there is no study that reveals its distance to important anatomical formations, such as the internal auditory meatus (IAM), carotid canal (CC), cochlea, tegmen tympani (TT) and tragus. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of Eagle’s syndrome based on morphometric measurements of SP. Materials and methods: The patient files archived in the Radiology Department of Adiyaman University Training and Research Hospital were retrospectively examined. The study was carried out on the data of patients for whom specialist radiologists found no pathology findings on the computed tomography images. A total of 77 individuals (36 females and 41 males) aged 22 to 54 years were included in the study. The length of SP and its distances to IAM, cochlea, CC, TT and tragus were obtained using computed tomography radiological measurements. Results: When the individual measurements performed on computed tomography images were evaluated in men and women, no significant difference was found concerning the distance between SP and various anatomic structures in close proximity to SP (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the genders in length of the right SP (p = 0.003) and left SP (p = 0.006). Conclusions: This anthropometric study revealed the standard morphometric measurements of SP. We believe that the data obtained will help clinicians to identify and diagnose pathologies more easily

Anatomical and histological analysis of the salpinx and ovary in Anatolian wild goat (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)

Background: This study determined the anatomical and histological structure of the salpinx and ovary of the Anatolian wild goat (C. aegagrus aegagrus). Materials and methods: The salpinges and ovaries from four wild goats of similar ages were used. These goats were brought to the Kafkas University Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre (Kars, Turkey) for various reasons such as traffic accidents or firearm injury, but either could not be saved or were euthanased. Results: The mean length of the ovary was 13.22 +/- 1.27 mm, width was 8.46 +/- +/- 0.88 mm, thickness was 5.67 +/- 0.79 mm, and weight was 0.59 +/- 0.17 g. The mean length of the salpinx was 58.11 +/- 14.02 mm, width was 0.80 +/- 0.22 mm, thickness was 0.41 +/- 0.01 mm, and weight was 0.30 +/- 0.08 g. The salpinx consisted of three different regions (infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus). These regions consisted of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. Prismatic epithelial cells were observed in the lamina epithelialis of the tunica mucosa in every region. Conclusions: The data resulting from this study regarding anatomical and histological structures of the salpinx and ovary in the genital system organs of Anatolian wild goat will support other studies seeking to improve reproductive efficiency and eliminate the danger of extinction of this species

Anatomical and histological analysis of the salpinx and ovary in Anatolian wild goat (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)

Background: This study determined the anatomical and histological structure of the salpinx and ovary of the Anatolian wild goat (C. aegagrus aegagrus). Materials and methods: The salpinges and ovaries from four wild goats of similar ages were used. These goats were brought to the Kafkas University Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre (Kars, Turkey) for various reasons such as traffic accidents or firearm injury, but either could not be saved or were euthanased. Results: The mean length of the ovary was 13.22 ± 1.27 mm, width was 8.46 ± 0.88 mm, thickness was 5.67 ± 0.79 mm, and weight was 0.59 ± 0.17 g. The mean length of the salpinx was 58.11 ± 14.02 mm, width was 0.80 ± 0.22 mm, thickness was 0.41 ± 0.01 mm, and weight was 0.30 ± 0.08 g. The salpinx consisted of three different regions (infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus). These regions consisted of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. Prismatic epithelial cells were observed in the lamina epithelialis of the tunica mucosa in every region. Conclusions: The data resulting from this study regarding anatomical and histological structures of the salpinx and ovary in the genital system organs of Anatolian wild goat will support other studies seeking to improve reproductive efficiency and eliminate the danger of extinction of this species

Three-dimensional modelling and morphometric investigation of computed tomography images of brown bear’s (Ursus arctos) ossa cruris (Zeugopodium)

Background: This study was aimed to examine the detailed morphometrical and morphological characteristics of the bone by creating three-dimensional images through multidetector computed tomography images of ossa cruris in brown bears.Materials and methods: Four brown bear ossa cruris were used in the study.Results: It was observed that tibia and fibula articulated at proximal and distal epiphysis and they combined, and ossa cruris were shaped in this way. Cochlea tibiae were determined to be sagittally oriented. The length of the tibia was determined to be 268.97 mm and 266.32 mm at right and left sides, respectively. The length of the fibula was determined to be 249.16 mm and 250.19 mm on average at the right and left sides, respectively. In consequence of the correlation analysis, statistical relationships at different rates were detected between themeasured values.Conclusions: Detailed anatomical examinations are very important in terms of determining the similarities and differences of bear bones with those of the other species in the order Carnivora. Therefore, it is thought that this study will reveal detailed characteristics of ossa cruris of bears and provide data for further studies on archaeological and forensic sciences

Autekologi dan Fisiologi Percambahan Centaurea kilaea Boiss. dari Turki

In this study germination requirements, plant-soil interactions and population biology of Centaurea kilaea was studied. The plant and soil samples were collected from Sofular Village (Sile District) and shore of Çatalca District (Istanbul) in Turkey by using standard methods. Methods like Scheibler, Wetdigestion, Kjeldahl and Olsen were employed for measurement of soil texture, structure and other physical and chemical characteristics (pH, total protein and electrical conductivity) using spectrophotometer, flame photometer, calcimeter and ICP. The results showed that ranges of different elements in the soil were 0.007-0.2% for N, 0.0007-0.001% for P, 0.001-0.01% for K, 0.0001-0.0002 % for Na. N, P, K and Na values in the plants were 2.17, 0.005, 0.1 and 0.006%, respectively. The data revealed that germination success of the seeds was influenced by the environmental factors such as pH, germination season and temperature.Dalam kajian ini keperluan percambahan, saling tindakan tumbuhan-tanih dan biologi populasi Centaurea kilaea telah dilakukan. Sampel tumbuhan dan tanih telah dikumpul dari Kampung Sofular (Daerah Şile) dan pantai Daerah Çatalca (Istanbul) di Turki dengan menggunakan kaedah piawai. Kaedah seperti Scheibler, Wetdigestion, Kjeldahl dan Olsen telah digunakan bagi pengukuran tekstur tanih, struktur dan sifat fizikal dan kimia lain (pH, jumlah protein dan kekonduksian elektrik) menggunakan spektrofotometer, fotometer api, kalsimeter dan ICP. Hasil menunjukkan bahawa julat unsur berbeza dalam tanih ialah 0.007-0.2% bagi N, 0.0007-0.001% bagi P, 0.001-0.01% bagi K, 0.0001-0.0002% bagi Na. N, P, K dan nilai Na dalam tumbuhan ialah masing-masing 2.17, 0.005, 0.1 dan 0.006%. Data menunjukkan kejayaan percambahan bagi biji benih telah dipengaruhi faktor persekitaran seperti pH, musim percambahan dan suhu

Concordance of LDL-C Estimating Equations with Direct Enzymatic Measurement in Diabetic and Prediabetic Subjects

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established biomarker in the management of dyslipidemia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the concordance of LDL-C-estimating equations with direct enzymatic measurement in diabetic and prediabetic populations. The data of 31,031 subjects included in the study were divided into prediabetic, diabetic, and control groups according to HbA1c values. LDL-C was measured by direct homogenous enzymatic assay and calculated by Martin-Hopkins, Martin-Hopkins extended, Friedewald, and Sampson equations. The concordance statistics between the direct measurements and estimations obtained by the equations were evaluated. All equations evaluated in the study had lower concordance with direct enzymatic measurement in diabetic and prediabetic groups compared to the non-diabetic group. Even so, the Martin-Hopkins extended approach demonstrated the highest concordance statistic in diabetic and prediabetic patients. Further, Martin-Hopkins extended was found to have the highest correlation with direct measurement compared with other equations. Over the 190 mg/dL LDL-C concentrations, the equation with the highest concordance was again Martin-Hopkins extended. In most scenarios, the Martin-Hopkins extended performed best in prediabetic and diabetic groups. Additionally, direct assay methods can be used at low values of the non-HDL-C/TG ratio (<2.4), as the performance of the equations in LDL-C estimation decreases as non-HDL-C/TG decreases

High-Frequency Spin Waves in YBa2Cu3O6.15

Pulsed neutron spectroscopy is used to make absolute measurements of the dynamic magnetic susceptibility of insulating YBa2Cu3O6.15. Acoustic and optical modes, derived from in- and out-of-phase oscillation of spins in adjacent CuO2 planes, dominate the spectra and are observed up to 250 meV. The optical modes appear first at 74 meV. Linear-spin-wave theory gives an excellent description of the data and yields intra- and inter-layer exchange constants of J_parallel =125 meV and J_perp = 11 meV respectively and a spin-wave intensity renormalization Z_chi = 0.4.Comment: postscript, 11 pages, 4 figures, Fig.2 fixe

The effect of hydrogen etching on 6H-SiC studied by temperature-dependent current-voltage and atomic force microscopy

6H–SiC was etched with hydrogen at temperatures between 1000 and 1450°C. The etchedSi-terminated face for the 6H‐SiC wafer was investigated by atomic force microscopy and temperature-dependent current–voltage (I–V–T)measurements. Mechanical polishing damage was effectively removed by hydrogen etching at temperatures above 1250°C. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that very good surface morphology, atomic layer flatness, and large and large step width were achieved. Schottky diode characteristics were investigated in detail by current–voltage and temperature-dependent current–voltage measurements, and the results showed a transition from defect assisted tunneling to thermionic emission as the annealingtemperature was increased from 1250 to 1450°C