Fraunhofer diffraction description in the approximation of the light field theory

The wavelength is that natural scale that determines the applicability domains of the ray approximation and the wave approximation of light. If the change of the radiation power spatial density is significant at the wavelength scale, we deal with the light diffraction phenomenon, which is a subject to the wave optics. Let us consider the diffraction phenomenon at the diaphragm. It is possible to distinguish the near zone with significant wave inhomogeneities (i.e. the Fresnel zone) and the far Fraunhofer diffraction zone, in which the wave becomes close to homogeneous (the so-called quasi-homogeneous) and the ray approximation is possible. The problem is that there is no explicit relationship between the radiance of the rays before and after diaphragm. Method for determining the boundary conditions for the radiance in the Fraunhofer zone through the radiance of the incident radiation is proposed in the paper. This approach for computing the radiance field in the Fraunhofer zone can be generalized to other problems of optics, thereby providing the possibility of using computationally efficient ray-approximation-based methods to determine the light fields

APPLICATION OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATION CLUSTERS

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to study the issues of legislative regulation of innovation clusters in the system of financial and tax law. Methods: The authors proceeded from an interdisciplinary approach since the problem of the legal status of innovation clusters inevitably affects the subject of regulation of various branches of law and has both constitutional and legal, financial and legal, civil, administrative, and other aspects. Results: The article notes the underdevelopment of the legislative and legal field of clustering of the economy and the negative impact of the legislative factor on its full development. Legislation in the field of innovation (clustering) is not systemic, it is dominated by numerous disparate subordinate regulatory legal acts, including at the regional level. Conclusion: The main directions of financial and legal regulation of investment clusters include the budget vector, implemented through the effectiveness of the state as an investor through budget allocations. The tax regulation of innovation clusters, characterized by incentive-stimulating and mobilization orientation. The practical experience of the application of legislation in the field under consideration, as well as the most effective methods of stimulating innovation clusters, have been investigated

Chaperones that cure yeast artificial [PSI+] and their prion-specific effects

AbstractThe [PSI+] nonsense-suppressor determinant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae results from the ability of Sup35 (eRF3) translation termination factor to undergo prion-like aggregation [1]. Although this process is autocatalytic, in vivo it depends on the chaperone Hsp104, whose lack or overexpression can cure [PSI+] [2]. Overproduction of the chaperone protein Ssb1 increased the [PSI+] curing by excess Hsp104, although it had no effect on its own, and excess chaperone protein Ssa1 protected [PSI+] against Hsp104 [3,4]. We used an artificial [PSI+PS] based on the Sup35 prion-forming domain from yeast Pichia methanolica[5] to find other prion-curing factors. Both [PSI+PS] and [PSI+] have prion ‘strains’, differing in their suppressor efficiency and mitotic stability. We show that [PSI+PS] and a ‘weak’ strain of [PSI+] can be cured by overexpression of chaperones Ssa1, Ssb1 and Ydj1. The ability of different chaperones to cure [PSI+PS] showed significant prion strain specificity, which could be related to variation in Sup35 prion structure. Our results imply that homologs of these chaperones may be active against mammalian prion and amyloid diseases

Bremsstrahlung emission during α\alpha-decay of 226Ra^{226}{\rm Ra}

We obtained the spectrum of probability of the bremsstrahlung emission accompanying the $\alpha$-decay of $^{226}{\rm Ra}$ (E$_{\alpha}$=4.8 MeV) by measuring the $\alpha$-$\gamma$ coincidences and using the model presented in our previous study on the $\alpha-$decay of $^{214}{\rm Po}$ (E$_{\alpha}$=7.7 MeV). We compare the experimental data with the quantum mechanical calculation and find a good agreement between theory and experiment. We discuss the differences between the photon spectra connected with the $\alpha$-decay of the $^{226}{\rm Ra}$ and $^{214}{\rm Po}$ nuclei. For the two mentioned nuclei we analyze the bremsstrahlung emission contributions from the tunneling and external regions of the nucleus barrier into the total spectrum, and we find the destructive interference between these contributions. We also find that the emission of photons during tunneling of the $\alpha$-particle gives an important contribution to the bremsstrahlung spectrum in the whole E$_{\gamma}$ energy range of the studied $^{226}$Ra nucleus