Korelacija morfoloških i proizvodnih osobina društava medonosne pčele sa područja Srbije

State of mutual or reciprocal relationship between traits is determined by the correlation coefficients. Correlation of morphological and production traits was determined in two generations of honey bee colonies. In the first generation, mother queen bees were studied, and in the second generation, their offspring. The study of one generation lasted two years. Morphological traits were determined in the beginning of the study and production traits were determined in the spring and autumn inspections of every year. In the first generation, the positive and mostly high correlation between morphological traits, and honey yield and hygienic behavior was determined. Correlation of morphological traits, colony strength and food supplies per colony ranged from highly positive to slightly negative values. It was found that there was a high correlation between some production traits (colony strength in the spring and autumn inspections and honey yield per colony). In the analysis of offspring (second generation), most traits that were positively correlated in mother generation now, also, showed a similar relationship. The only difference, in contrast to mother generation, was that, for most traits, the intensity of interaction increased.Stanje uzajamne ili recipročne povezanosti jedne osobine od druge utvrđuje se na osnovu koeficijenta korelacije. Korelacija morfoloških i proizvodnih osobina utvrđivana je kroz dve generacije društava medonosne pčele. U prvoj generaciji praćene su majke matice, a u drugoj njihovo potomstvo. Ispitivanje po jednoj generaciji trajalo je dve godine. Morfološke osobine su utvrđene na početku praćenja generacija, a proizvodne na prolećnom i jesenjem pregledu svake godine. U prvoj generaciji utvrđena je pozitivna i mahom visoka korelacija između morfoloških osobina, prinosa meda i higijenskog ponašanja. Stepen korelacije morfoloških osobina, snage društva i zaliha hrane po društvu bio je od visoko pozitivne do slabo negativne vrednosti. Ustanovljeno je da postoji i visok stepen korelacije između pojedinih proizvodnih osobina (snaga društava na prolećnom i jesenjem pregledu i prinosa meda po društvu). Prilikom testiranja potomstva (II generacija) većina osobina koje su bile u pozitivnoj korelaciji kod roditelja i sada su pokazivala uzajamni odnos. Jedina razlika u odnosu na roditelje je u tome da se, za većinu osobina, intezitet međusobnog uticaja povećao

Rezultati ispitivanja ratarskih prskalica u uslovima centralne Srbije

Proper protection and quality work of sprayer enable the optimization of the pesticide application and reduces the harmful effects on the environment and human health. The efficiency of the implemented protection is reflected in several aspects, and one of the most important is the quality of the work of sprayers, that is, the equality of pesticides distribution with nozzles. The paper presents an analysis and comparison of test results in the framework of the inspection of field crop sprayers in the exploitation conditions of central Serbia, in accordance with European standards EN 13790, which prescribes methods and equipment for inspection. The aim of the research was to determine the quality of the work of chests and the uniformity of the flow of various sprays, depending on the defined parameters. The test equipment used 'AAMSSALVARANI' measuring equipment, and the flow of the nozzles was measured by the SN S001 individual nozzles. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the average values of the flow of the sprayer amounted to 0.954 l min-1 (typ A), 1.169 l min-1 (typ B), or until 1.190 l min-1 (sprayer typ C), where the coefficient of variation was in the range 12.24% to 29.49%.Pravilnom zaštitom i kvalitetnim radom prskalica omogućuje se optimizacija aplikacije pesticida i smanjuje štetni uticaj na životnu sredinu i zdravlje ljudi. Efikasnost izvedene zaštite ogleda se sa više aspekata a jedan od najznačajnijih je kvalitet rada prskalica, odnosno uniformnost distribucije pesticida rasprskivačima. Rad predstavlja analizu i upoređenje rezultata ispitivanja u sklopu inspekcijske kontrole ratarskih prskalica u eksploatacionim uslovima centralne Srbije, u skladu sa evropskim normama EN 13790 koji propisuje metode i opremu za obavljanje inspekcije. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi kvalitet rada prsaklica i uniformnost protoka različitih rasprskivača u zavisnosti od definisanih parametara. Za ispitivanje je korišćena merna oprema 'AAMSSALVARANI', a protok rasprskivača je meren pomoću ispitivača pojedinačnih rasprskivača SN S001. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da su prosečne vrednosti protoka rasprskivača iznosile 0,954 l min-1 (tip A), 1,169 l min-1 (tip B), odnosno 1,190 l min-1 (tip C), pri čemu je koeficijent varijacije bio u rasponu 12,24% do 29,49%

Molecular and morphological detection of globodera rostochiensis (nematoda: Heteroderidae) in a seed potato crop

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of four major food crops in the world beside wheat, maize and rice. The plant originated in the highlands of Peru particularly the region around Lake Titicaca and it was first domesticated at least 7 000 years ago. The food security provided by potato and maize allowed the development and survival of civilizations such as, Huari and Inca for centuries. In the 16th century the Spanish conquistadores searching for the "treasure of the Andes" brought to Europe, beside gold, potato along with its parasites – the potato cyst nematodes (PCN): Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens and G. pallida (Stone) Behrens, two nematode species that have quarantine status. The morphology of potato cyst nematodes was until recently almost the only way to identify these quarantine organisms. In the last two decades, molecular analyses as new trends in modern agriculture, contributed to faster and more efficient identification of these species and allowed insight into the genetic structure of those parts that were practically inaccessible by morphological studies. The nematodes are present in all European potato growing regions, especially in the Balkan (Helm) peninsula, either PCN or both are reported. The collected specimens of cysts were found in soil originating from a seed potato crop in a village near Gornji Milanovac after the official phytosanitary control in 2022. Individual cysts were used for DNA extraction with a Dneasy blood & tissue kit. The PCR was done with primers for direct sequencing: TW81 and AB28. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of PCN is used for confirmation of species identity together with its morphological characterization. According to EPPO Standards, the morphological identification comprised larval and cyst characteristics, namely larval stylet length and stylet knob shape, cyst vulval basin diameter, distance between vulva and anus, Granek´s ratio, and number of cuticular ridges in perineal area. Results confirmed the species identity. The morphology of our population of G. rostochiensis was similar to the previously reported domestic and foreign populations. The degree of similarity was expressed as a percentage of direct matching i.e. pairwise distances. Phylogenetic analyses indicated a possible ancestor of our PCN population showing evolutionary relationships among world populations of G. rostochiensis and a phylogenetic placement of the Serbian population.Krompir (Solanum tuberosum L.) je jedan od četiri glavna prehrambena useva u svetu pored pšenice, kukuruza i pirinča. Biljka potiče iz planinskog pojasa Perua, posebno iz regiona oko jezera Titikaka i prvi put je odomaćena pre najmanje 7 000 godina. Sigurnost u hrani koja je nastala gajenjem krompira i kukuruza je omogućila vekovni razvoj i opstanak civilizacija kao što su Huari i Inke. U 16. veku su španski osvajači tražeći "blago sa Anda" pored zlata, u Evropu doneli i krompir zajedno sa parazitnim nematodama-cistolikim nematodama krompira (CNK): Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens i G. pallida (Stone) Behrens, dve nematodne vrste koje imaju karantinski status. Morfologija cistolikih nematoda krompira je do skoro bila jedini način identifikacije ovih karantinskih organizama. U poslednje dve decenije, molekularne analize kao novi trendovi u modernoj poljoprivredi, su doprineli bržoj i efikasnijoj identifikaciji ovih vrsta, omogućavajaći uvid u genetičku strukturu onih delova koji su praktično bili nedostupni morfološkim studijama. Nematode su prisutne u svim evropskim regionima gajenja krompira, posebno na Balkanskom (Humskom) poluostrvu, pojedinačno ili obe zajedno. Prikupljeni uzorci cista su pronađeni u zemlji poreklom iz useva semenskog krompira u selu pored Gornjeg Milanovca, posle zvanične fitosanitarne kontrole. Pojedinačne ciste su korišćene za ekstrakciju DNK sa Dneasy blood & tissue kitom. PCR je urađen sa prajmerima za direktno sekvenciranje: TW81 and AB28. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regioni CNK su korišćeni za potvrdu identiteta vrste, zajedno sa morfološkom karakterizacijom. Prema EPPO Standardu, morfološka identifikacija obuhvata karakteristike larvi i cisti, zapravo dužinu i oblik stileta larvi, prečnik vulvalnog bazena cisti, distancu između vulve i anusa, Granekov odnos i broj kutikularnih nabora u perianalnoj oblasti. Rezultati su potvrdili identitet vrste. Morfologija naše populacije G. rostochiensis je bila slična prethodno opisanim domaćim i stranim populacijama. Stepen sličnosti je predstavljen i kao procenat direktnog sparivanja, tj. parne distance. Filogenetske analize su ukazale na mogućeg pretka naše populacije CNK, predstavljajući evolutivne odnose svetskih populacija G. rostochiensis i filogenetsko mesto srpske populacije

Beli luk u organskoj proizvodnji i endoparazitna nematoda ditylenchus dipsaci

Garlic is a food that has long been used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases of bacterial, fungal and viral origin and without harmful effects. In ancient Egypt, garlic was given to workers who built pyramids, thus increasing their endurance, and in ancient Greece, it was the food of athletes at the Olympic Games. In Chinese medicine, it was prescribed as an agent that helps with breathing and digestion, especially for diarrhea and against intestinal parasites. It was used 2,000 years ago in India to treat heart diseases and arthritis, and in the Middle Ages in England the garlic was applied to treat various ailments such as constipation, toothache, oedema, animal bites and plague. Its popularity, in that sense, has not declined to this day, moreover, numerous researches prove many useful properties of garlic, which serves as food but also as a medicine. Garlic production in our country is done by sowing i.e., by planting cloves (by hand or by machine) in autumn or spring on an area of about 9,000 ha. Producers should use certified planting material, otherwise the cloves may be infected with the endoparasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev, which is one of the most harmful nematodes because it leads to total bulb decay and yield loss. This nematode is a typical polyphagous organism, it may occure on alfalfa seeds, beans, clover, etc., but also on 450 other hosts of cultivated plants and weeds. In the spring, the infection on young plants may be asymptomatic, but as the life cycle lasts only 20 days and each female can lay up to 500 eggs, the number of nematodes increases rapidly. Symptoms are observed on the bulbs or cloves in the form of brown spots that merge and capture the entire tissue followed by the degradation of the middle lamella of the cell wall and lead to the total decay of the bulbs, whereby an intense and unpleasant odor appears. The nematode can survive for years in dry material and on a large number of weeds, and it can hardly be eradicated. The nematode is a special problem in organic production because of a lack of effective bio-pesticides, so prophylactic measures are essential. The occurrence of D. dipsaci has been observed so far in two farms from the Belgrade area. In order to determine the genetic relationship i.e., possible origin of these extremely harmful nematodes, molecular methods were used which, with the help of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), sequences, and appropriate computer programs, compare the genetic similarity of our and foreign populations. Molecular methods have shown that the closest relative of our populations of this nematode is the population from China, which indicates that the garlic planting material may be imported from China. Recent research in Europe has confirmed the presence of the even more dangerous nematode D. gigas, which has only been detected in Poland in the faba bean seeds.Beli luk je prehrambena namirnica koja je od davnina korišćena u prevenciji i lečenju različitih bolesti bakterijskog, gljivičnog i virusnog porekla i bez štetnih efekata. U starom Egiptu su beli luk davali radnicima koji su gradili piramide povećavajući na taj način njihovu izdržljivost a u staroj Grčkoj je bio hrana atletičara na Olimpijskim igrama. U Kineskoj medicini je prepisivan kao sredstvo koje pomaže u disanju i varenju, posebno za dijareju i protiv crevnih parazita. U Indiji se pre 2.000 godina koristio za lečenje srčanih bolesti i artritisa a u Engleskoj u srednjem veku je korišćen za lečenje različitih bolesti poput opstipacije, zubobolje, edema, ujeda životinja i kuge. Njegova popularnost, u tom smislu, nije ni do danas opala, štaviše brojna istraživanja dokazuju mnoge korisne osobine ove namirnice koja služi kao hrana ali i kao lek. Proizvodnja belog luka u našoj zemlji se obavlja setvom odn. sađenjem češnjeva (ručno ili mašinski) u jesen ili u proleće na površini oko 9 000 ha. Proizvođači treba da koriste sertifikovan sadni materijal jer u protivnom može da se desi da češnjevi budu zaraženi endoparazitnom nematodom Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev, koja je jedna od najštetnijih nematoda jer dovodi do totalnog propadanja glavica i kompletnog gubitka prinosa. Ova nematoda je izraziti polifag, javlja se i na semenu lucerke, pasulja, deteline itd. ali i na 450 drugih domaćina gajenih biljaka i korova. U proleće, na mladom luku infekcija može da bude asimptomatska, ali kako životni ciklus traje samo 20 dana a svaka ženka može da položi i do 500 jaja, intenzivnim razmnožavanjem ubrzano raste brojnost nematoda. Simptomi se uočavaju na lukovicama odn. češnjevima u vidu braon pega koje se spajaju i zahvataju celo tkivo uz degradaciju srednje lamele ćelijskog zida i dovode do totalnog propadanja lukovica pri čemu se pojavljuje intenzivan i neprijatan miris. Nematoda može da opstane godinama u suvom materijalu a opstaje i na velikom broju korova, pa se teško može iskoreniti. Poseban problem je u organskoj proizvodnji jer nema efikasnih bio-pesticida tako da su profilaktičke mere od esencijalnog značaja. Pojava D. dipsaci je do sada utvrđena kod dva proizvođača iz okoline Beograda. Da bi se utvrdilo genetičko srodstvo odn. moguće poreklo ovih izuzetno štetnih nematoda koriste se molekularne metode koje uz pomoć PCR (Lančane Reakcije Polimeraze), sekvenci i odgovarajućih kompjuterskih programa porede genetičku sličnost naših i stranih populacija. Molekularnim metodama je utvrđeno da je najbliži srodnik naših populacija ove nematode populacija iz Kine, što ukazuje da je mogao biti korišćen sadni materijal belog luka uvezen iz Kine. Novija istraživanja u Evropi su potvrdila prisustvo još opasnije nematode D. gigas koja je za sada otkrivena samo u Poljskoj na semenu boba

Uticaj porekla sadnog materijala krompira na morfološke osobine semenske krtole

The effects of the origin of planting material on the mophological characteristics of seed tubers of the Kondor potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated within a two-year study (2009-2010). The production conditions of potato planting material at lower altitudes (700 m.a.s.l.) contributed to producing seed tubers of greater physiological age, resulting consequently in a significantly lower average length of sprouts per tuber 1.38 mm, or 13.49 % less, in comparison with the length of sprouts per tuber determined in tubers originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. Using the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 700 m.a.s.l. as a planting material (which forms a larger number of sprouts per tuber), a higher number of primary stems per plant could be expected, which would be beneficial to seed production (a greater number of small tubers). Provided the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. is used as a planting material (which forms a smaller number of sprouts per tuber and potentially a smaller number of stems per plant), the seed tubers should be used in early potato production and for commercial purposes (a small number of large tubers).Dvogodišnja ispitivanja uticaja porekla sadnog materijala krompira (Solanum tuberosum L), na morfološke osobine semenske krtole sorte Kondor, izvedena su tokom 2009. i 2010. godine. Priprema sadnog materijala paralelnom proizvodnjom semenskog krompira izvedena je tokom 2009. i 2010. godine na dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine: Kotraž-Jelica 700 m nv. i Sjenica-Pešter 1300 m nv. Uslovi proizvodnje sadnog materijala krtola poreklom sa niže nadmorske visine (700 m nv.) doprineli su da semenske krtole budu veće fiziološke starosti i da kao posledica toga obrazuju vrlo značajno manju dužinu klica po krtoli, za 1,38 mm, ili za 13,49% manju, u odnosu na dužinu klica po krtoli utvrđenu na krtolama poreklom sa 1300 m nv. Sadni materijal poreklom sa manje nadmorske visine 700 m nv. je u obe godine istraživanja obrazovao značajno veći broj listova po krtoli, u odnosu na prosečan broj listova po krtoli ustanovljen kod krtola poreklom sa veće nadmorske visine 1300 m nv. Upotrebom sadnog materijala sorte Kondor poreklom sa 700 m nv. koji obrazuje veći broj klica po krtoli, i samim tim može se očekivati i veći broj primarnih stabala po biljci, što bi odgovaralo u semenskoj proizvodnji (veći broj sitnih krtola). Ukoliko se koristi sadni materijal sorte Kondor poreklom sa 1300 m nv. koji formira manji broj klica po krtoli i potencijalno obrazuje manji broj glavnih stabala po biljci, treba upotrebiti u ranoj proizvodnji krompira i za merkantilnu proizvodnju (mali broj krupnh krtola)

Karantinski korovi u semenu lucerke i njihov uticaj na efikasnost dorade

In the process of alfalfa seed processing, all relevant parameters are directly dependant on presence of weed species and other impurities in natural seed, as well as on the equipment used. The higher amount of weed in natural alfalfa seed lowers the total amount of processed seed, making the processing harder and more expensive. In alfalfa crop, quarantine weeds are especially harmful, such as dodder (Cuscuta spp.) and curly dock (Rumex spp.). One of the greatest problems in alfalfa planting is the presence of harmful parasitic flowering plant dodder (Cuscuta spp.) which is typical weed - alfalfa parasite that lowers hay and seed production. The paper shows the results of the analysis of influence different weed content from two lots of natural alfalfa seed (I, II) of different purity, on the relevant processing parameters. Processing of the both lots of seed was done on the same equipment. The relevant parameters that define alfalfa seed processing effects were: pure seed (%), weed seeds and seeds of other cultures (%), inert matters (%), seed processing time (h), consumption of active (kWh) and reactive power (kVArh), processed seed quantity (kg), metal powder (kg) and water (l) consumption, processing output (%) and seed losses (%).U procesu dorade semena lucerke svi relevantni parametri dorade direktno zavise od zastupljenosti korovskih vrsta i ostalih primesa u naturalnom semenu, kao i od sistema mašina koji se koristi za doradu. Veći sadržaj štetnih korova u naturalnom semenu lucerke smanjuje ukupnu količinu dorađenog semena, otežava i poskupljuje doradu. U usevu lucerke posebno su štetni karantinski korovi, vilina kosica (Cuscuta spp.) i štavelj (Rumex spp.). Jedan od najvećih problema u gajenju lucerke je prisustvo štetne parazitske cvetnice viline kosice (Cuscuta spp.) koja je tipičan korov - parazit lucerke koji smanjuje proizvodnju sena i semena. U radu su prikazani rezultati analize uticaja različitog sadržaja semena korova u dve partije naturalnog semena lucerke (I, II) različitih čistoća, na relevantne parametre dorade. Dorada obe partije semena obavljala se na istom sistemu mašina. Relevantni parametri koji definišu efekte dorade semena lucerke bili su: čisto seme (%), seme korova i seme drugih kultura (%), inertne materije (%), vreme dorade semena (h), utrošak aktivne (kWh) i reaktivne električne energije (kVArh), količina dorađenog semena (kg), utrošak metalnog praha (kg) i vode (l), randman dorade (%) i gubici semena (%)

Uticaj dodavanja NPN supstanci na proces mlečno-kiselinske fermentacije i hranljivu vrednost kukuruzne silaže

In this study, the impact of adding Benural S (commercial supplement on urea basis, in the amount of 1 and 2%) on the parameters of the chemical composition and quality of corn silage was examined. The experiment was planned according to the model of random plan, with three treatments (CS- CONTROL - control corn silage, CS+1% NPN - corn silage supplemented with 1% Benural-S, CS+2 % NPN - corn silage supplemented with 2 % Benural-S) and three replicates per treatment. Statistical analysis of the results showed a significant increase in the amount of dry matter, crude protein, ammonia and soluble nitrogen, NFE and ash, as well as the pH, when adding Benural S. The most significant changes were in the amount of crude proteins, which was increased by 37.5% when adding 1% S Benural, and 69.8 % when adding 2 % Benural S. Increase of pH and the share of ammonia nitrogen in the treatment with 2 % Benural-S led, according to the method by Weissbach, to diminishing of the quality of silage by one class. When balancing the ration for cows, the significantly increased amount of soluble proteins should be take into account, which are closely correlated with the degree of protein degradation.U radu je ispitivan uticaj dodavanja Benurala S (komercijalnog dodatka na bazi uree, u količini 1 i 2%) na parametre hemijskog sastava i kvaliteta silaže kukuruza. Eksperiment je planiran po modelu slučajnog plana, sa tri tretmana (CS-CONTROL - kontrolna silaža kukuruza; CS+1% NPN - kukuruzna silaža sa dodatkom 1% Benurala-S; CS+2% NPN - kukuruzna silaža sa dodatkom 2% Benurala-S) i u tri ponavljanja po tretmanu. Statističkom obradom rezultata utvrđeno je signifikantno povećanje količine suve materije, sirovih proteina, amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota, BEM- a i pepela, kao i pH vrednosti, pri dodavanju Benurala S. Najznačajnije su promene u količini sirovih proteina, koja je povećana za 37,5% pri dodavanju 1% Benurala S, odnosno za 69,8% pri dodavanju 2% Benurala S. Povećanje pH vrednosti i udela amonijačnog azota u tretmanu sa 2% Benurala S dovelo je prema Weissbach-ovoj metodi do smanjenja kvaliteta silaže za jednu klasu. Pri balansiranju obroka za krave treba voditi računa o značajno povećanoj količini rastvorljivih proteina, koji su u uskoj korelaciji sa stepenom razgradivosti proteina

Dessecação, maturidade pós-colheita e deterioração de sementes de aveia-perene

The objectives of this work were to determine whether and at which seed physiological maturity stage the diquat desiccant affects the tall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius) seed quality and yield, as well as the proper storage period between harvest and sowing. Diquat desiccation was evaluated in applications during milk or dough seed maturation stages. Seeds conventionally produced and stored under traditional storage conditions were used for the analyses. Seed samples were drawn every 30th day after harvest (DAH). After the 240th DAH, samples were drawn every 90th day up the to 690th DAH. The highest yield were obtained by desiccation applied at the beginning of the seed dough stage, with a satisfactory seed quality. Both final germination and seedling growth parameters achieved their maximum values between 180th and 240th DAH. Oat-grass seeds preserved satisfactory level of final germination (75%) up to 420th DAH. The application of diquat desiccant at the beginning of seed dough maturity stage can be a good solution for seed production of tall oat-grass. Early spring is the best sowing period for freshly harvested seeds of tall oat-grass regarding germination and seedling growth.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se e em qual estágio de maturidade fisiológica das sementes o dessecante diquat afeta a produtividade e a qualidade de sementes de aveia-perene (Arrhenatherum elatius), bem como o período de armazenamento adequado entre colheita e semeadura. O dessecante diquat foi avaliado em aplicações nos estágios de leite ou de cera do amadurecimento de sementes. Sementes produzidas convencionalmente e armazenadas em condições tradicionais foram utilizadas para as análises. Amostras de sementes foram coletadas a cada 30 dias após a colheita (DAC). Após o 240º DAC, as amostras foram retiradas a cada 90 dias até o 690º DAC. A maior produtividade, com qualidade satisfatória da semente, foi obtida pela dessecação aplicada no início da fase de cera. A germinação final e os parâmetros de crescimento das plântulas alcançaram valores máximos entre 180 e 240 dias após a colheita. As sementes de aveia-perene mantiveram germinação final satisfatória (75%) até 420 dias após a colheita. A dessecação com diquat, na fase inicial do estágio de cera do amadurecimento das sementes, pode ser uma boa solução para a produção de sementes de aveia perene. O início da primavera é o melhor período para plantio de sementes recém-colhidas de aveia-perene, em termos de germinação e crescimento de plântulas

Uticaj položaja grana u cvastima na formiranje prinosa i kvalitet semena livadskog vijuka (Festuca pratensis Huds.) i visokog vijuka (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

During two investigation years two trials with meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), cultivar K21 and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), cultivar K20 have been performed. Analysis of upper, intermediate and lower panicle branches from generative shots has showed their influence on determining of yield and quality of seed. Lower and intermediate panicle branches have showed higher importance in seed yield determining than upper branches in both species. Influence of panicle branches position on 1000 seed weight has been more variable in meadow fescue (CV(%)=8,41), while in tall fescue variability for germination energy and total germination have been larger (CV(%)=11,05 and 2,26 respectively).Tokom dvogodišnjeg istraživanja (2006-2007) izvedeni su ogledi sa livadskim vijukom (Festuca pratensis Huds.), sorta K21, i visokim vijukom (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), sorta K20. Uzimanjem gornjih, srednjih i donjih grana iz cvasti (metlice) generativnih stabljika utvrđen je njihov uticaj na formiranje prinosa i kvalitet semena. Kod obe ispitivane vrste donje i srednje grane iz cvasti su ispoljile daleko veći značaj u formiranju prinosa semena u odnosu na gornje grane. U pogledu kvaliteta semena, uticaj položaja grana na masu 1000 semena pokazao je veću varijabilnost kod livadskog vijuka, (CV(%) = 8,41), dok je visoki vijuk ispoljio veću varijabilnost za energiju klijanja semena i ukupnu klijavost (CV(%) = 11,05 i CV(%) = 2,26)

Variability of the number and weight of 1000 seeds of weeds present in alfalfa natural seeds from different locations in Serbia

Alfalfa is the most significant perennial and multi-crop forage legume in Serbia. Seed production has numerous problems, which causes high variability in seed yield. One of the problems in this production is the weed seeds that are in the natural alfalfa seed after harvesting. Minimum purity must be greater than 95 %, up to 2 % of other species are allowed, and up to 0.5 % of weeds, but no quarantine weeds such as dodder (Cuscuta.sp). Weed seeds were detected in natural alfalfa seeds: Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Rumex obtusifolius, L., Cuscuta campestris Yunk., Rumex acetosella L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Rumex crispus L., Galium aparine L., Convolvus arvensis L. as expected, the variability of the number of weed seeds detected from the seed lots over three years was high: CV% = 14.78 for wild sorghum – S. halepense (L.) Pers. In the 2022, to CV% = 65.47 for ribwort plantain – Plantago lanceolata L. in the 2020. For the weight of 1000 seeds of the examined weeds, the variability was determined from CV% = 5.869 for the ribwort plantain – Plantago lanceolata L. (year 2020), to CV% = 34.41 for yellow dock – Rumex crispus L. (year 2022).Lucerka je naznačajnija višegodišnja i višeotkosna krmna leguminoza u Srbiji. Proizvodnja semena je sa brojnim problemima što uzrokuje visoku varijabilnost za prinos. Jedan od problema u ovoj proizvodnji čine i semena korova koja se nakon ubiranja nalaze u naturalnom semenu lucerke. Na drugoj strani za stavljanje semena u promet minimalna čistoća semena mora da bude viša od 95 %. Dozvoljeno je do 2 % drugih vrsta i do 0.5 % korova, ali u semenu lucerke ne smeju da budu prisutni karantinski korovi kao što su: vilina kosica (Cuscuta spp.). U ovim istraživanjima su predstavljeni rezultati varijabilnosti broja semena i mase 1000 semena detektovanih korova u naturalnom semenu pet partija semena lucerke sa različitih lokaliteta u Srbiji, tokom tri godine. U naturalnom semenu lucerke je detektovano seme sledećih korova: Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Cuscuta campestris Yunk., Rumex acetosella L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Rumex crispus L., Galium aparine L., Convolvus arvensis L. Varijabilnost broja semena detektovanih korova bila je visoka za divlji sirak- Sorghum halepense. (L.) Pers. (CV% = 14.78 u 2022.), do CV% = 65.47 za uskolisnu bokvicu - Plantago lanceolata L. u 2020. godini. i za masu 1000 semena od CV% = 5.86 Plantago lanceolata L. (2020.), do CV% = 34.41 za Rumex crispus L. (2022.