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    Association entre la thérapie antirétrovirale et les biomarqueurs de la fonction placentaire pendant la grossesse

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    Contexte : L’infection Ă  VIH demeure un problĂšme majeur de santĂ© publique avec 2.1 millions de personnes nouvellement infectĂ©es en 2015, dont 150 000 enfants infectĂ©s pour la plupart en pĂ©rinatal. En vue d'Ă©radiquer les nouvelles infections, l’OMS recommande depuis 2012 que toute personne infectĂ©e par le VIH soit sous thĂ©rapie antirĂ©trovirale (TAR) (concept de « traitement Ă  titre de prĂ©vention »). Il en rĂ©sulte que la majoritĂ© des femmes sont actuellement dĂ©jĂ  sous TAR au moment de la conception et en dĂ©but de grossesse alors qu’auparavant, celle-ci n’était souvent initiĂ©e qu’au deuxiĂšme trimestre de grossesse. Or, quelques Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© que la TAR a Ă©tĂ© associĂ©e Ă  des complications pĂ©rinatales comme l'accouchement prĂ©maturĂ© ou le faible poids des nouveau-nĂ©s Ă  la naissance, et ce particuliĂšrement pour les ARV Ă  base d’inhibiteur de protĂ©ase (PI). Ces complications seraient liĂ©es Ă  un dysfonctionnement du placenta, notamment Ă  des anomalies de l’invasion trophoblastique. Objectif : Le but de ce mĂ©moire est d’analyser l’association entre l’exposition Ă  la TAR et le fonctionnement du placenta chez les femmes enceintes. MĂ©thodes : L’étude a portĂ© sur les donnĂ©es provenant de femmes enceintes vivant avec le VIH recrutĂ©es entre janvier 2003 et dĂ©cembre 2016 dans les cohortes du CHU Sainte- Justine (MontrĂ©al) et du BC Women's Hospital (Vancouver). La fonction placentaire a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par le dosage de biomarqueurs utilisĂ©s dans le cadre du dĂ©pistage des aneuploĂŻdies (la gonadotrophine chorionique humaine libre - ÎČ-hCG libre, la protĂ©ine plasmatique placentaire de type A - PAPP-A, l'alpha-foetoprotĂ©ine - AFP, de l'oestriol non conjuguĂ© - uE3, la gonadotrophine chorionique humaine - hCG et l'inhibine-A) et par le dosage de facteurs angiogĂ©niques utilisĂ©s dans le dĂ©pistage de prĂ©Ă©clampsie (PlGF et sFlt-1) au premier et au deuxiĂšme trimestre de la grossesse. Le dosage de PlGF et de sFlt1 a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© comme une Ă©tude pilote exploratoire sur un sous-groupe des Ă©chantillons stockĂ©s dans la banque biologique du CMIS. Les niveaux des diffĂ©rents biomarqueurs (aprĂšs une transformation logarithmique) ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s en fonction 1) des types de TAR, 2) de la durĂ©e d’exposition Ă  la TAR et 3) du moment d’initiation de la TAR Ă  l’aide de rĂ©gressions linĂ©aires multivariĂ©es ii et d’équations d’estimation gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e (linĂ©aires) avec un ajustement pour les variables de confusion. RĂ©sultats : AprĂšs ajustement pour les variables de contrĂŽle suivantes : race, Ăąge maternel, Ăąge gestationnel, indice de masse corporelle, paritĂ©, tabagisme et sexe du foetus, les femmes sous TAR, Ă  base d’IP ou non, ont eu une augmentation significative du niveau d’AFP (respectivement ÎČ= 0.139; IC 95% = [0.055-0.223] et ÎČ= 0.141; IC 95% = [0.043- 0.239]) en comparaison aux femmes qui ne reçoivent aucun traitement. Cependant, on ne retrouve aucune autre association significative entre le type de TAR - qu’elle soit Ă  base d’IP ou non - et le niveau de PAPP-A, de ÎČ-hCG libre, d’oestriol, d’hCG totale, d’inhibine A, de PlGF et de sFlt-1. Aucune association significative n’a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©e non plus entre la concentration sĂ©rique des biomarqueurs et la durĂ©e d’exposition Ă  la TAR ou le moment d’initiation de la TAR. Conclusion : Cette Ă©tude suggĂšre que la concentration sĂ©rique des biomarqueurs du dĂ©pistage de la prĂ©Ă©clampsie et des biomarqueurs du dĂ©pistage des aneuploĂŻdies ne semble pas ĂȘtre significativement altĂ©rĂ©e par la TAR sauf l’AFP qui augmente en cas d’exposition Ă  une TAR quel que soit le type (avec IP ou non). Ces donnĂ©es paraissent dans l’ensemble rassurantes pour ce qui est des consĂ©quences de l’utilisation prĂ©coce de la TAR pendant la grossesse.Background: HIV infection remains a major public health problem with 2.1 million people newly infected in 2015, including 150,000 children infected mostly in perinatal. With a view to eradicating new infections, since 2012, WHO has recommended that anyone infected with HIV should be on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (concept of "treatment as prevention"). As a result, the majority of HIV-infected women are already on ART at the time of conception and earlier in pregnancy, whereas previously it was mainly initiated in the second trimester of pregnancy. However, some studies have shown an association between the use of ART during pregnancy and perinatal complications (such as premature delivery, low birth weight infants), particularly with protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapies, which could be explained through a role in placental dysfunction. Objective: The aim of this thesis is to measure the association between exposure to ART and placental function in pregnant women. Methods: Clinical and biological data from pregnant women living with HIV recruited between January 2003 and December 2016 in the cohorts of CHU Sainte-Justine (Montreal) and BC Women's Hospital (Vancouver) were used in this study. Placental function was evaluated by the assay of biomarkers used for aneuploidy screening (free human chorionic gonadotropin-free ÎČ-hCG, placental plasma protein type A-PAPP-A, alpha-fetoprotein - AFP, unconjugated estriol - uE3, human chorionic gonadotropin - hCG and inhibin-A) and by the assay of angiogenic factors used in preeclampsia screening (PlGF and sFlt-1) in the first and second trimester of pregnancy. The PlGF and sFlt1 assay was performed as an exploratory pilot study on a subset of serum samples stored in the biobank of CHU Sainte-Justine. Each biomarker level (after logarithmic transformation) was compared according to 1) the class of ART and 2) the duration of ART exposure, 3) the time of initiation of ART, using multivariate linear regressions and linear generalized estimating equations adjusted for confounding bias. Results: After adjusting for control variables including race, maternal age, gestational age, body mass index, parity, smoking and sex of the fetus, women receiving ART (whether PI or another class) had significantly increased AFP levels (ÎČ = 0.139, 95% CI = [0.055-0.223] iv and ÎČ = 0.141, 95% CI = [0.043-0.239] respectively) compared to women who received no treatment. However, there were no significant association between ART type, whether IPbased or not, and the level of PAPP-A, free ÎČ-hCG, estriol, total hCG, inhibin A, PlGF and sFlt-1. No significant association was shown between serum biomarker concentration and duration of ART exposure or the time of ART initiation. Conclusion: That study suggests that serum concentration of angiogenic factor and aneuploidy screening biomarkers does not appear to be significantly affected by ART, except for AFP, which increases with exposure to ART regardless of the type (whether PI or other). These observations seem reassuring when considering the use of ART during early pregnancy

    Characteristics of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dually Seropositive Adults in West Africa Presenting for Care and Antiretroviral Therapy: The IeDEA-West Africa HIV-2 Cohort Study.

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    HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis, management and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infections. Because of these issues, we designed a West African collaborative cohort for HIV-2 infection within the framework of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA).We collected data on all HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually seropositive patients (both ARV-naive and starting ART) and followed-up in clinical centres in the IeDEA-WA network including a total of 13 clinics in five countries: Benin, Burkina-Faso Cîte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal, in the West Africa region.Data was merged for 1,754 patients (56% female), including 1,021 HIV-2 infected patients (551 on ART) and 733 dually seropositive for both HIV-1 and HIV 2 (463 on ART). At ART initiation, the median age of HIV-2 patients was 45.3 years, IQR: (38.3-51.7) and 42.4 years, IQR (37.0-47.3) for dually seropositive patients (p = 0.048). Overall, 16.7% of HIV-2 patients on ART had an advanced clinical stage (WHO IV or CDC-C). The median CD4 count at the ART initiation is 166 cells/mm(3), IQR (83-247) among HIV-2 infected patients and 146 cells/mm(3), IQR (55-249) among dually seropositive patients. Overall, in ART-treated patients, the CD4 count increased 126 cells/mm(3) after 24 months on ART for HIV-2 patients and 169 cells/mm(3) for dually seropositive patients. Of 551 HIV-2 patients on ART, 5.8% died and 10.2% were lost to follow-up during the median time on ART of 2.4 years, IQR (0.7-4.3).This large multi-country study of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection in West Africa suggests that routine clinical care is less than optimal and that management and treatment of HIV-2 could be further informed by ongoing studies and randomized clinical trials in this population
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