Pola Pengelolaan Air Minum Menurut Karakteristik Wilayah, Status Ekonomi Dan Sarana Air Minum Di Indonesia (Data Riskesdas 2007)

Unequal drinking water access and minimum rural people's of knowledge about clean and healthy behavior (PHBS) had contributed diarrhea and skin diseases prevalence. Therefore, the water service program needs to be adapted to the conditions of each region, supported with complete data. In this regard, this study was conducted aimed to assess the pattern on drinking water management in Indonesia, according to regional characteristics, economic status, and drinking-water facilities. The study was a cross sectional study by using Riskesdas 2007 data. The sample of study were all households sampled in Riskesdas 2007. The results showed that factors which influenced the pattern were regional characteristics, level of household expenditures, physical quality of drinking water, allocated time and distance to the source of water as well as the ease of getting drinking water. Households in urban areas were known to be more protective as compared to those in rural areas against pattern that was less well. The higher of household expenditures, has caused te lower risk. Finally, households which were difficult to get drinking water in the year and time allocation to get clean water was more than 30 minutes, would have risk of 1.807 times and 1,234 times to have less well pattern

Penelitian Kualitas Penyediaan Air Bersih di Rumah Sakit Tahun 1991

A study on water quality was conducted in 9 hospitals in Jakarta (3 hospitals type A and 3 hospitals type B) and Bogor (2 private and 1 government hospital). The objective of the study was to get information about the quality of water supply and the cleanliness of the water tap in every room in each hospital. The water samples (356) were taken from the water source, reservoir and nursing wards and also 118 swab of the water taps. The result showed that Pseudomonas sp were the predominant bacteria found in the water samples and none of the hospitals were free from bacteria. The percentage of water pollution in government hospitals was higher than in private type A hospitals, but this was not found in the type B hospital. The water tap swabs showed that private hospitals were worse than the government type B hospital. It is suggested to increase the monitoring of water supply and other facilities such as hand washing facilities of the paramedics. It is necessary to chlorinate all of the water supplies in the hospital because the concentration of CI in the water supply usually do not meet the standard of clean water

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Penyakit Batuk dengan Nafas Cepat pada Balita

Acute respiratory infection primarily cough and rapid breathing is a common cause of morbidity and death among children under five years of age. According to The Directorate General of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, incidence of acute respiratory infection is 10%. The National Household Health Survey indicated that 25.2% of infant deaths were caused by this disease. The objective of this analysis was to identify the determinant factors related to the occurence of cough with rapid breathing among children under five years of age. Data were taken from Indonesia Demographic Health Survey 1994. The dependent variable was children of under five years of age who were suffering from cough with rapid breathing and as independent variables were mother\u27s education and activities, overcrowding of household occupants, house\u27s wall materials, roof materials and use of kerosene stove. The result showed that among social factors, mother\u27s education and participation in social organization were significantly associated with the morbidity of cough with rapid breathing . The risk of having cough with rapid breathing was 0.7 less likely to occur among children born to mothers who participated in the social organization activities (OR=0.7) compared to mothers who did not participate in those activities. While, among environmental factors: overcrowding of household occupant, houses\u27s wall material, use of kerosene stove were significantly associated with the occurance of cough with rapid breathing among children under 5 years of age. The overall analysis of environmental and social factors analysis showed that the risk of children whose mothers have low education and do not participate in social organization activity was 2 times higher than those born to mothers with higher education and participation in social organization activities. The risk of children who lived in houses with floor space less than 10 sq.m/capita and use kerosene stove was 1.7 times higher than children who lived in houses with larger floor space and use other than kerosene stove

Penelitian Tentang Cara Pengolahan Ikan Laut (Tongkol Dan Kembung) Yang Aman Untuk Kesehatan

Incidence of food poisoning are still happening. Result of a study as reported by the Directorate General of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, indicated that the poisoning are frequently caused by sea fish especially tuna fish (Auxis thazard). That's why Health Ecology Research Centre has done another research to find a safe way how to cook sea fish especially tuna fish for safe consumption. This research was conducted from June 1997 until March 1998. The samples consisted of tuna fish (Auxis thazard) and kembung fish (Rastrelliger spp) bought from Fish Auction in Cilincing and Cilincing market. The fishes were carried in an ice box to be analized in the laboratory and prepared in different cooking methods: fresh steamedfish, fish cooked in coconut milk, fried fish and grilled fish. Measurement of histamine levels were done by the Mopper Method and observation of microflora for fungi and bacteria, to know wich way of cooking fish was related to the lowest histamine level. By analizing histamine level it was found that fresh steamed fish contained the lowest histamine (tuna 6,34 ppm, kembung 3,91 ppm),fish cooked in coconut milk (tuna 8,11 ppm, kembung 5,20 ppm), fried fish (tuna 14,86 ppm, kembung 13,18 ppm) and grilled fish (tuna 31,12 ppm, kembung 19,49 ppm). It has been proven that the histamine level of cooked fresh fish is less than 50 ppm (US Food and Drug Administration/FDAs, allowable concentration). The conclusion of this research : to cook fresh fish is the best and that fish must be handled carefully. The rotary histamin content was lowest in fresh steamed fish, followed by fish cooked in coconut milk, fried fish and grilled fish. The kinds of fungi found were : Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Khamir and Rhizopus sp. In the cooked fish we did not find any pathogenic bacteria

Sanitasi Makanan Di Daerah Obyek Wisata Bali Tahun 2003

Food sanitation in Indonesia emerges as one of the main public consideration as food poisoning cases are still prevalent. In the decentralization era, tourism districts could gain significant advantages in terms of their income, and therefore, food quality becomes one of the main issues to be examined. In 2003, Health Ecology Research Centre analyzed food sanitation-related issue at tourism sites. Observing method was used in 30 restaurants in Bali, along with questionnaire distribution to 130 restaurants. This study is aimed to examine the quality of food sanitation at tourism places in Bali. This study reveals several problems regarding food sanitation at Bali's tourism sites. While some of the water sample collected contained coli, some of the restaurants even did not have any toilet and wash-stand facilities for their costumers. Moreover, some food handlers were still working although feeling unwell. The findings show that there are 17 (57%) low quality water specimens, who have exceeded the nonnal standard amount of coli (10/100 ml for water pipe, and 50/100 ml for water source). Five of these specimens were taken from the water pipe, and others are from direct water sources which 3 samples we got fecal coli. However, the food substances, including juices and other drinks are found with good quality without pathogenic bacteria

Penelitian Sistem Sanitasi Makanan Rumah Makan/restoran di Kodya Bandung 1991

Bandung is one of the beautiful cities which is promoted for tourism. Therefore, it should be supported with good facilities including healthy food establishments. A study on sanitation system of food service has been conducted and the objective of this study is to get the information on the condition of restaurant sanitation, the awareness, skill and knowledge of the managers, food handlers and also to know the sanitation system of food service in the restaurants in Bandung. Samples were taken from 90 authorized restaurants. Questionnaires were used for interviewing the managers, and food handlers of the restaurants. Samples of water and food, swab of food facilities, swab of rectum and food handlers hand were taken from 30 restaurants. The result showed that the sanitation system of food in the restaurants were fair although the effort to meet the standard were not optimum. The quality of water should be improved because 48.5% of water supply in the restaurants did not meet the standard. The awareness and knowledge of the managers and food handlers of the restaurants was fair although their action did not always conform with the knowledge. The bactériologie test showed Salmonella. sp negative in the fresh meat samples, and 10% of cooked meat samples contained E. coli