Testing Some Hunting Myths: Are White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae) Movements Correlated with Meteorological or Astronomical Events

The purpose of this study was to investigate some elements of the folklore surrounding white-tail deer hunting and determine if anyone or more of those elements can be scientifically falsified. To address this goal, I combined time-stamped images of moving white tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae) generated by trigger cameras placed in a rural site in Effort, Pennsylvania, and meteorological data from an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) station located at the Lehigh Valley International Airport (Hanover Township, Lehigh County) some 40 km south. Specifically, from 15 February 2020 until 18 February 2021, I placed four motion-sensitive cameras in the study site to capture instances of deer movement and recorded the time and deer activity. Simultaneously, I collected temperature, dew point, humidity, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, and precipitation data. The data were first explored graphically to ascertain if any patterns between abundance of deer movement and meteorological or astronomical phenomena were obvious. Thereafter, the total number of hourly deer movement was relativized to ensure that all values (or value ranges) of each variable received a proportional (“fair”) weight. Because the data did not follow the assumptions of parametric distributions, a Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by a Dunn test was conducted on each variable to test the statistical significance of the observations and to explore potential structure to the data [i.e., whether a group(s) of values were statistically justified]. Specifically, deer tend to move at milder temperatures (0-10ºC and 20ºC), a slightly below normal mean sea level pressure (29.6 inches of mercury, 100237.1 Pascals), during a new and full moon, and when there are calm to mild wind conditions. Because, this study is an example of correlation research, further experimental exploration of this question is granted. Additional, longer term studies utilizing an onsite Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), GPS tracking collars, and additional motion-sensitive cameras to better document deer behavior spread across a more extensive study area could provide more detailed information about the causes of these movements. Above all, an experimental functional ecology approach, pursuing the answer to the question, what is the mechanism by which deer sense the environment, should answer the mechanism behind question posed by this study

Tributes to Family Law Scholars Who Helped Us Find Our Path: Dorothy E. Roberts

Professor Dorothy Roberts is a legacy builder and an inspiration for women, African American scholars, youth, and ordinary folks who want to make a difference in the lives of others. Her work in the field of family, race, and gender law is nothing short of prolific. She is a powerhouse whose research and advocacy reach across law into the fields of Africana studies, sociology, anthropology, medicine, psychology, political science, business, economics, and human rights. She is one of the first female professors to unpack how the law interfaces with Black women in various roles—as mother, wife, partner, daughter, caretaker, worker, and individual. Blatantly calling out the racist regimes behind a multitude of systems policing and regulating poor families in America, Professor Roberts boldly challenges the dominant voices in legal academia, particularly in critical feminist areas. This tribute honors a living legend and the various ways that her books and articles shape the legal landscape regarding the ideals of freedom and equality

The Changing Tides of Adoption: Why Marriage, Race, and Family Identity Still Matter

This essay expounds on the shifting motivation for adoption in the United States using a critical race feminist theory lens to explore how adoption remains wedded to marriage, the control of wealth, and family identity. These three elements have been historically and legally tied to race in that the law was intentionally written to exclude certain persons of color from being able to access marriage or wealth, thereby diminishing their ability to establish family identity. This essay proceeds in three parts. Part II sets forth an overview of the evolution of adoption by exploring the breakdown of formal adoption and informal adoption. Part III discusses how families have changed over time, how societal changes have changed family law, and how these changes have impacted adoption and the number of children available for adoption. Part IV analyzes why marriage, race, and family identity are still so salient in adoption practice and how the impediments they present could be overcome with an extended family network constructed of multiple families

Racial Myopia in [Family] Law

Racial Myopia in [Family] Law presents a critique of Family Law for the One-Hundred-Year Life, an Article that claims that age myopia within family law fails older adults and prevents them from creating legal bonds with other adults outside the traditional marital model. This Response posits that racial myopia is a common yet complex phenomenon in almost every area of law, and it presents most often by centering whiteness as the default standard while failing to account for race and its impact on the law. Race—as well as the scholarship that incorporates race into normative family structure and identity—must be critically considered when proposing new ways of creating family units. This Response calls for active engagement with the racial history surrounding American family structures and the laws utilized to support them in order to achieve the goal of adapting family law to address the needs and interests of all older people

The Texas Mis-Step: Why the Largest Child Removal in Modern U.S. History Failed

This Article sets forth the historical and legal reasons as to how the State of Texas botched the removal of 439 children from the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints parents residing in Eldorado, Texas. The Department of Family and Protective Services in Texas overreached its authority by treating this case like a class-action removal based on an impermissible legal argument, rather than focusing on the facts and circumstances that could have been substantiated for a select group of children at risk. This impermissible legal argument regarding the “pervasive belief system” of a polygamist sect that allowed minor females to spiritually marry older adult males sparked questions as to how far the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment go in protecting religious freedom and parental rights. Ultimately, there was a failure on both sides of the case — harm caused by the unnecessary removal of hundreds of children who were not in immediate danger of abuse and harm caused by the return of teenage girls who were at risk for sexual abuse on the Yearning for Zion Ranch. The Article concludes by discussing key factors that would have made a difference in the outcome of the case and the impact of this decision on the interrelationship between parents, the state, and the child

The Ties That Bind: What Pauli Murray Teaches Us about Race, Family, Slavery, and Inequality

Pauli Murray is an unsung American hero. The modern-day understanding of equality and the legal arguments used to obtain it for various groups including African Americans, women, and the LGBTQ community were the brainchild of Pauli Murray. This essay illustrates how Dr. Murray’s family history is emblematic of the struggle for racial justice and equality in America. The pain and tenacity of her ancestors shaped her destiny and spurred her activism. Her family experiences illuminate the many ways that the foothold of structural racism began with placing insurmountable legal barriers between Black men, women, and children as a family unit. The law has played a calculated role in separating the races as families from an ideological perspective. In other words, the construct of race and the inferiority and superiority complexes that accompany it allowed for the legal exclusion of family members within family units. This legal exclusion rendered the identity of formerly enslaved persons invisible in some families, and it often disrupted the structure of what was deemed as the normative family. Dr. Murray’s family story is about the ties that bind white and Black families in America together

The Perfect Storm: Coronavirus and The Elder Catch

The global COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated an already growing phenomenon: the Elder Catch. This term defines the caregiving dilemma faced by adults who are simultaneously working, caring for elder parents or relatives, and in some cases, raising children at the same time. Few scholars have explored how the state uses the traditional family framework to resist providing comprehensive government support for elder care. Women typically bear the brunt of caregiving costs within the family and become physically and mentally vulnerable in the process. COVID-19 has pushed women caught in the Elder Catch to the brink while sheltering at home, and has illuminated the disparities between genders regarding the high level of expectation society places on the availability of unpaid family caregiving. Coronavirus has also highlighted racial inequities for African American and Latino families, where female caregivers are more likely to be essential workers forced to work outside the home, and therefore more likely to contract and spread the virus within their family and surrounding communities. This article uses vulnerability theory to address the caregiving void that American women are facing. By introducing a new term, resistant assets, within the taxonomy of vulnerability theory, this article introduces a diagnostic tool for scholars and policy makers to analyze why it is so difficult to change state and market dependence on unpaid family caregiving and challenge government opposition to expanding social support of the family. Resistant assets are frameworks used by the state to reinforce the status quo and maintain a posture of legal and social non-intervention. The normative and extended family are resistant assets that prevent a revision of the American Social Contract. This article fills a gap in family law scholarship by exploring how analysis of resistant assets within vulnerability theory can contribute to the development of a theoretical foundation for legal change to support family caregivers