Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of Surana Modaka in Arshas

Arshas (haemorrhoids) is the commonest condition among the anorectal diseases in our day-to-day practice in terms of incidence. It is a very disagreeable condition for the patient and often creates restlessness. This disease has no particular sectorial affinity and is equally distributed throughout the world. Modern Science has very little to offer in terms of medicinal treatments of haemorrhoids. Prevalent modern para-surgical measures have been enumerated. Surgical techniques of performing haemorrhoidectomy are many and their complications such as pain, anal incontinence, stricture etc. are well known. Management of Arshas only on Ayurvedic lines seems to be more appropriate. Sushruta, basically a surgeon described four principal therapeutic measures in the management of Arshas, viz. medicinal, chemical cauterization, thermal cauterization and surgical excision. It may be pointed out here that enumeration of these measures in a definite order is suggestive of similar methods to be preferred first. By keeping all these principles in mind, a herbal formulation by name Surana Modaka is prepared to see its efficacy in Arshas

Comparative pharmaceutical study of Apamarga Kshara prepared by Jala and Gomutra

Kshara Kalpana is one amongst the various preparations used in Ayurvedic clinical practice. It is most widely used in surgical and para-surgical procedures. Aacharya Sushruta has included it under the heading of Anushashtra, Upayantra, Agropaharneeya and one among the Upakrama for Vrana. Its internal use has also been advocated by various classical texts. Many plants are mentioned for the preparation of Kshara by different classical texts. One of them is Apamarga. Its latin name is Achyranthes Aspera which is a herb about 0.33 to 1 meter in height with branched or unbranched stem. It is found all over India in dry lands. A typical processing technique is involved in the preparation of Kshara. We find references depicting different opinions for the preparation of Kshara in various classical texts. For the present study reference mentioned in Sushruta Samhita was followed. Here two solvents are mentioned for the preparation viz. Jala and Gomutra. To evaluate the difference between the pharmaceutical preparation of the two samples the present study was undertaken

An appraisal of Kshara Kalpana

Ayurveda describes various dosage forms for the administration of the medicament in human body. These dosage forms are denoted by the term Kalpana. Many Kalpana have been described in the classical texts along with five basic Kalpana. One such Kalpana is Kshara Kalpana. The utility of Kshara is mainly seen in the field of Shalya Tantra where it is used in the management of the cases of Arsha, Bhagandara, Nadi Vrana etc. but at the same instance it also provides fruitful results in the cases of Shwasa, Mootrakrichha etc. Kshara proves its utility in the processing of Parada whereby it acts as a Vida and makes the processing of Parada easy. Due importance has been given to Kshara preparation in most of the classics but at the same moment, we find differences in the various methods mentioned for the preparation. Hence an attempt has been made to compile the various references available in the classical texts and to justify their probable use in the present paper

Bank Coordination and Monetary Transmission: Evidence from India

We propose a new channel for the transmission of monetary policy shocks, the coordination channel. We develop a New Keynesian model in which bank lending is strategically complementary. Banks do not observe the distribution of loans but infer it using Gaussian signals. Under this paradigm, expectations of tighter credit conditions reduce banks’ lending response to monetary shocks. As a result, lack of coordination and information about other banks’ actions dampen monetary transmission. We test these predictions by constructing a dataset that links the evolution of interest rates to firms’ bank credit relationships in India. Consistent with our model, we find that the cross-sectional mean and dispersion of lending rates, which capture the expected value and the precision of the signals of credit extended by other banks, are significant predictors of monetary transmission. Our quantitative results suggest that lending complementarities reduce monetary transmission to inflation and output by about a third

A Critical Review on Go-Ghrita, Shata Dhouta Ghrita and Sahasra Dhouta Ghrita

Traditional medical system has always played an important role in the maintenance of health of mankind. Modern medicine has been drawing inputs from these traditional systems since their very beginning. Samskara in Ayurveda, is a process of transformation of inherent attributes of a substance. This is created by dilution, application of heat, cleansing, churning, storing in a specific place, maturing, flavoring, impregnation, preservation, container etc. Ancient scholars considered that Ghrita is able to perform multiple actions if processed accordingly. On the base of this, many Samskaras are employed for Ghrita and subsequently various pharmacological actions are observed. Shatadhouta Ghrita and Sahsradhouta Ghrita are also an outcome of that keen observation. Shatadhouta Ghrita and Sahasradhouta Ghrita are two Ayurvedic preparations, which are prepared by washing cow ghee for hundred and thousand times respectively. They are considered as best alleviators of Pitta Dosha and burning sensation, in the treatments of wound healing. On the basis of detailed literary review, it was understood that, Shatadhouta Ghrita and Sahasradhouta Ghrita should be prepared by pressure washing of Ghrita with water. These preparations are indicated for Dahashamana action. Both of them have the properties as that of oil in water kind of emulsion

Pharmaceutical fortification of Rasoushadhies for their better clinical utility

Ayurveda is known to be the oldest system of medicine whose virtue of holistic approach towards life attracts the attention of people worldwide. Ayurvedic formulations are conjuncture of herbal, mineral/metal and animal origin drugs. To effectuate therapeutic properties in these raw drugs, they are subjected to different pharmaceutical procedures (Samskaras). The fate of the drugs is predominantly decided by these procedures only. In the case of medical emergencies as well as in the management of critical diseases drug which brings about hastened relief in subordinate dose and dosage is endorsed. In Rasashastra, metals and minerals are subjected to different Samskara like Shodhana etc. to beget the properties like ‘Alpa Matra Upyogitvad’ and ‘Kshipram Aarogyam Daayitvad’ in them. The concept of incineration or Marana is the process which brings the particle size into nanometre range which makes the metal into absorbable and assimilable form. The present paper deals with the different pharmaceutical procedures which impregnate these properties in the rasa dravyas and make them suitable for use in various clinical manifestations

Experimental evaluation of Deepana and Pachana Activity of Chitraka Kwatha w.s.r. to different Reduction Criteria

Kashaya Kalpana, also called as Kwatha Kalpana is the third one among the Kashaya Kalpana. It is prepared by boiling the drug in water and reducing it to specific quantity. Different authors have explained different ratio for drug and water and the quantity of reduction also differs according to the purpose used. Acharya Harita and Bhoja have explained Kwatha according to the ratio of reduction and attributed different therapeutic properties according to the ratio of reduction. As per Harita, although the drug and quantity of water used are same for the preparation of Kwatha, if the reduction is different, each reduction will have different therapeutic actions and can be used for different disease conditions. Among the seven types of Kwatha 1/10th reduction and ½ reduction are said to be having Deepana and Pachana action respectively. The Deepana and Pachana action was assesed experimentally in albino rats by adopting some modern parameters. These parameters were logically selected by keeping the modern explaination of digestion and metabolism in mind. When the data obtained by above study is analysed, suggestive of moderate to good effect of Pachana and mild to moderate Deepana action is noted

Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study of Chitraka Kwatha w.s.r. to different reduction criteria

Harita has explained seven types of Kwatha. Among the seven types of Kwatha 1/10th reduction and ½ reduction are said to be having Deepana and Pachana action respectively. The study is planned to study the concept of Deepana and Pachana Kwatha as explained by Harita. For this study, a well known Deepana- Pachana drug i.e. Chitraka is selected and the Kwatha is prepared. In the present study, the Deepana Kwatha (1/10th reduction), Pachana Kwatha(1/2 reduction) are compared with that of the Kwatha prepared by the 3/4th reduction in terms of analytical parameters and the findings were analysed

The ZFP-1(AF10)/DOT-1 Complex Opposes H2B Ubiquitination to Reduce Pol II Transcription

The inhibition of transcriptional elongation plays an important role in gene regulation in metazoans, including C. elegans. Here, we combine genomic and biochemical approaches to dissect a role of ZFP-1, the C. elegans AF10 homolog, in transcriptional control. We show that ZFP-1 and its interacting partner DOT-1.1 have a global role in negatively modulating the level of polymerase II (Pol II) transcription on essential widely expressed genes. Moreover, the ZFP-1/DOT-1.1 complex contributes to progressive Pol II pausing on essential genes during development and to rapid Pol II pausing during stress response. The slowing down of Pol II transcription by ZFP-1/DOT-1.1 is associated with an increase in H3K79 methylation and a decrease in H2B monoubiquitination, which promotes transcription. We propose a model wherein the recruitment of ZFP-1/DOT-1.1 and deposition of H3K79 methylation at highly expressed genes initiates a negative feedback mechanism for the modulation of their expression