Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Itaconic Acid from the Aqueous Phase Using Natural and Chemical Solvents

Itaconic acid, also known as methylene succinic acid, is a colorless, crystalline substance that is found in nature. Due to its two functional carboxylic acid forms and - unsaturated bond, it can be used in a variety of sectors (plastics, super-absorbents, biopolymers, anti-scaling agents, etc.). Itaconic acid can be produced via thermally decarboxylating citric acid, catalysing the condensation of succinic acid derivatives with formaldehyde, decarboxylating aconitic acid, and fermentation utilizing Aspergillus terreus and other microbes. It is quite expensive and harmful to extract itaconic acid from the fermentation broth. In the present study, Iso-butanol, iso-octanol, groundnut, soybean, mustard, and rice bran oil were incorporated as solvents for separating itaconic acid from their solutions in distilled water. Liquid-liquid extraction experiments were conducted over the range of 0.08-0.533 mol.L-1 of itaconic acid. The results thus obtained were defined as the separation efficiency (E) and distribution coefficient (KD). Separation was observed at maximum efficiencies of 69.33%, 47.8%, 12.93%, 17.9%, 15.625% & 14.18% with iso-butanol, iso-octanol groundnut, soybean, mustard, and rice bran oil respectively. Since the solvents used in this study were natural and chemical, it can be helpful to make the process more eco-friendly and the efficiency of the process can be further increased with the help of reactive extractants

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of 1-Butyl-3 Methylimidazolium Chloride as Green Material for Extractive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel

The possible application of imidazolium ionic liquids as energy-efficient green material for extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuel has been investigated. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of n-methylimidazolium and 1-chlorobutane. Molecular structures of the ILs were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The thermal properties, conductivity, solubility, water content and viscosity analysis of [BMIM]Cl were carried out. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, sulfur compounds, and recycling of IL without regeneration on dibenzothiophene removal of liquid fuel were presented. In the extractive desulfurization process, the removal of dibenzothiophene in n-dodecane using [BMIM]Cl was 81% with mass ratio of 1 : 1, in 30 min at 30°C under the mild reaction conditions. Also, desulfurization of real fuels with IL and multistage extraction were studied. The results of this work might offer significant insights in the perceptive use of imidazoled ILs as energy-efficient green material for extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuels as it can be reused without regeneration with considerable extraction efficiency

Modeling and Optimization of Reactive Extraction of Gallic Acid Using RSM

<p>Reactive extraction was experimentally investigated for recovery of gallic acid (GA) from the aqueous solution using tri-<i>n</i>-octylamine (TOA) as extractant in hexanol. All experiments were carried out according to statistical design in order to develop a regression model used to optimize the extraction of GA. Two independent variables were selected as: initial concentration of GA (<i>C</i>_GA0) in aqueous phase and concentration of TOA (<i>C</i>_TOA) in organic phase. The statistical analysis showed that both the independent variables had significant effect on response value, followed by the quadratic and interactive effect on response. A five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>² = 99.0%). The optimal extraction conditions of GA were determined as: <i>C</i>_GA0 = 2.01 g/L, <i>C</i>_TOA = 6.8% v/v. At the optimum conditions, the experimental yield of GA was 91.9%, which was in close agreement with the predicted value of 93.2%.</p

Effect of Temperature on Reactive Extraction of Gallic Acid Using Tri‑<i>n</i>‑butyl Phosphate, Tri‑<i>n</i>‑octylamine and Aliquat 336

The present work is focused on the effect of temperature on extraction of gallic acid using Aliquat 336, tri-<i>n</i>-butyl phosphate and tri-<i>n</i>-octylamine in hexanol and octanol. Distribution coefficient, loading ratio, percent extraction, equilibrium complexation constant, water coextraction, enthalpy, and entropy change were evaluated for various acid–extractant–diluent combinations with varying temperature. The extraction of GA was found to be highly exothermic at lower molality of TBP in octanol with evaluated enthalpy change as −28 743 J/mol. The extraction of gallic acid process was favored at low temperature as the process was evaluated as an exothermic in nature. Maximum extraction efficiency of 97.3% was observed at higher molality of Aliquat 336 in hexanol at lower temperature

Extractive Deep Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels Using Lewis-Based Ionic Liquids

A new class of green solvents, known as ionic liquids (ILs), has recently been the subject of intensive research on the extractive desulfurization of liquid fuels because of the limitation of traditional hydrodesulfurization method. In present work, eleven Lewis acid ionic liquids were synthesized and employed as promising extractants for deep desulfurization of the liquid fuel containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) to test the desulfurization efficiency. [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3 was the most promising ionic liquid and performed the best among studied ionic liquids under the same operating conditions. It can remove dibenzothiophene from the model liquid fuel in the single-stage extraction process with the maximum desulfurization efficiency of 75.6%. It was also found that [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3 may be reused without regeneration with considerable extraction efficiency of 47.3%. Huge saving on energy can be achieved if we make use of this ionic liquids behavior in process design, instead of regenerating ionic liquids after every time of extraction

Synthesis, characterization and application of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel

In the present paper the experimental data of extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM]BF4 have been presented. The data of FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR have been discussed for the molecular confirmation of synthesized [BMIM]BF4. Further, the thermal properties, conductivity, solubility, and viscosity analysis of the [BMIM]BF4 were carried out. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, sulfur compounds, and recycling of ionic liquid without regeneration on dibenzothiophene removal of liquid fuel were presented. In extractive desulfurization process, the removal of dibenzothiophene in n-dodecane was 73.02% for mass ratio of 1:1 in 30 min at 30 °C under the mild reaction conditions. The ionic liquids could be reused four times without a significant decrease in activity. Also, the desulfurizations of real fuels, multistage extraction were presented. The data and results provided in the present paper explore the significant insights of imidazoled ILs for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuels

Deep Removal of Sulfur from Model Liquid Fuels using 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) as one kind of green solvents was studied and applied more and more with the development of green technology because of their unique physical and chemical properties. The removal of sulfur from liquid fuel using ionic liquids has been studied. The desulfurization efficiency of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl has been tested. The effects of ionic liquid loading, extraction temperature and extraction time on the removal of dibenzothiophene from different model liquid fuels n-dodecane, n-octane, n- hexane, and n-heptane were investigated. The highest extraction with 77.15% sulfur removal efficiency in a single stage extraction process was observed. Also the [Bmim]Cl can be reused in extraction without regeneration with considerable extraction effeicency

Research Article Synthesis, Characterization and Application of 1-Butyl-3 Methylimidazolium Chloride as Green Material for Extractive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel

Copyright © 2013 Swapnil A. Dharaskar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The possible application of imidazolium ionic liquids as energy-efficient greenmaterial for extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuel has been investigated. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of n-methylimidazolium and 1-chlorobutane. Molecular structures of the ILs were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The thermal properties, conductivity, solubility, water content and viscosity analysis of [BMIM]Cl were carried out. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, sulfur compounds, and recycling of IL without regeneration on dibenzothiophene removal of liquid fuel were presented. In the extractive desulfurization process, the removal of dibenzothiophene in n-dodecane using [BMIM]Cl was 81 % with mass ratio of 1: 1, in 30min at 30∘C under the mild reaction conditions. Also, desulfurization of real fuels with IL and multistage extraction were studied. The results of this work might offer significant insights in the perceptive use of imidazoled ILs as energy-efficient green material for extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuels as it can be reused withou