Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever: information for health care practitioners

"Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4). Infection with one serotype of DENV provides immunity to that serotype for life, but provides no long-term immunity to other serotypes. Thus, a person can be infected as many as four times, once with each serotype. Dengue viruses are transmitted from person to person by Aedes mosquitoes (most often Aedes aegypti) in the domestic environment. Epidemics have occurred periodically in the Western Hemisphere for more than 200 years. In the past 30 years, dengue transmission and the frequency of dengue epidemics have increased greatly in most tropical countries in the American region." - p. [1]Clinical diagnosis -- What to look for when you evaluate patients for DHF -- How to treat dengue fever -- Clinical management -- Laboratory diagnosis -- EpidemiologyAlso available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (1.13 MB, 4 p.)

Prairie dogs can harbor fleas infected with plague bacteria

Shipping list no.: 2000-0326-P.Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (1.46 MB, 2 p.)

Monitoring and evaluating the impact of national school-based deworming in Kenya: study design and baseline results.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of countries in Africa and elsewhere are developing national plans for the control of neglected tropical diseases. A key component of such plans is school-based deworming (SBD) for the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosomiasis. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of national programmes is essential to ensure they are achieving their stated aims and to evaluate when to reduce the frequency of treatment or when to halt it altogether. The article describes the M&E design of the Kenya national SBD programme and presents results from the baseline survey conducted in early 2012. METHODS: The M&E design involves a stratified series of pre- and post-intervention, repeat cross-sectional surveys in a representative sample of 200 schools (over 20,000 children) across Kenya. Schools were sampled based on previous knowledge of STH endemicity and were proportional to population size. Stool (and where relevant urine) samples were obtained for microscopic examination and in a subset of schools; finger-prick blood samples were collected to estimate haemoglobin concentration. Descriptive and spatial analyses were conducted. The evaluation measured both prevalence and intensity of infection. RESULTS: Overall, 32.4% of children were infected with at least one STH species, with Ascaris lumbricoides as the most common species detected. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 2.1%, while in the Coast Province the prevalence of S. haematobium was 14.8%. There was marked geographical variation in the prevalence of species infection at school, district and province levels. The prevalence of hookworm infection was highest in Western Province (25.1%), while A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura prevalence was highest in the Rift Valley (27.1% and 11.9%). The lowest prevalence was observed in the Rift Valley for hookworm (3.5%), in the Coast for A. lumbricoides (1.0%), and in Nyanza for T. trichiura (3.6%). The prevalence of S. mansoni was most common in Western Province (4.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings are consistent with the known spatial ecology of STH and schistosome infections and provide an important empirical basis on which to evaluate the impact of regular mass treatment through the school system in Kenya

Protect yourself from tickborne diseases

"Ticks can be found in most of the United States, and many carry serious diseases. Some of the diseases that you can get from a tick bite include: anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Colorado tick fever, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, Powassan encephalitis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI), tick-borne relapsing fever, tularemia." - p. [1]2/22/2012: date from document properties."CS#109745.

CHIK

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is carried by infected mosquitoes. The virus causes high fever and severe joint pain that start suddenly. It can also cause headache, muscle pain and rash. Chikungunya (CHIK) does not often result in death, but the symptoms can be disabling, and some people may get severe complications. There is no specific medication available to treat CHIK. There is no vaccine to prevent CHIK. Avoiding mosquito bites is the key to avoid chikungunya fever (CHIK).Why should I be concerned about CHIKV? -- How is CHIKV spread? -- What are the symptoms? -- How is CHIKV treated? -- How can I avoid becoming infected? -- How can I protect my community? -- What should I do if I have symptoms? -- Where can I find some more information?3/27/12: date from document properties

West Nile Virus (WNV) fact sheet

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a potentially serious illness. Experts believe WNV is established as a seasonal epidemic in North America that flares up in the summer and continues into the fall. This fact sheet contains important information that can help you recognize and prevent West Nile virus.What is West Nile Virus? -- What can i do to prevent WNV? -- What are the symptoms of WNV? -- How does West Nile Virus spread? -- How soon do infected people get sick? -- How is WNV infection treated? -- What should i do if i think i have WNV? -- What is the risk of getting sick from WNV? -- What is the CDC doing about WNV?.8/27/2012-date from document propertiesCS234798-ASystem requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.Mode of access: Internet from the CDC web site as an Acrobat .pdf file (3.84 MB, 2 p.

Lyme disease: a public information guide

Lyme disease was first recognized in the United States in 1975 after an unusual outbreak of arthritis near Lyme, Connecticut. Since then, reports of Lyme disease have increased dramatically, and the disease has become an important public health problem in some areas of the United States.Lyme disease -- How ticks spread the disease -- Life cycle of Lyme disease ticks -- Lyme disease in domestic animals -- Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease -- Diagnosis -- Treatment and prognosis -- Lyme disease and pregnancy -- Prevention -- Tick control -- Post-exposure antibiotics -- Early diagnosis and treatment -- Lyme disease vaccine -- Lyme disease research.Date from document properties.Produced by the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases.Available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (1.18 MB, 12 p.)

Recommendations for the use of Lyme disease vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

This report provides recommendations for use of a newly developed recombinant outer-surface protein A (rOspA) Lyme disease vaccine (LYMErix, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals) for persons aged 15-70 years in the United States. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide health-care providers, public health authorities, and the public with guidance regarding the risk for acquiring Lyme disease and the role of vaccination as an adjunct to preventing Lyme disease. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that decisions regarding vaccine use be made on the basis of assessment of individual risk, taking into account both geographic risk and a person's activities and behaviors relating to tick exposure.The following CDC staff members prepared this report: David T. Dennis, Edward B. Hayes, Kathleen A. Orloski, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases; Martin I. Meltzer, Office of the Director National Center for Infectious Diseases.Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-17).10371254Infectious DiseasePrevention and ControlRetiredACI

Quick guide to plague : prairie dogs can harbor fleas infected with plague bacteria Spanish

[Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Infectious Diseases].Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (720.65 KB, 2 p.)

Surveillance for human West Nile virus disease: United States, 1999--2008

"Problem/Condition: West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the family Flaviviridae and is the leading cause of arboviral disease in the United States. An estimated 80% of WNV infections are asymptomatic. Most symptomatic persons develop an acute systemic febrile illness that often includes headache, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, or gastrointestinal symptoms. Less than 1% of infected persons develop neuroinvasive disease, which typically presents as encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. Reporting Period: 1999-2008. Description of System: WNV disease is a nationally notifiable disease with standardized case definitions. State and metropolitan heath departments report cases to CDC through ArboNET, an electronic passive surveillance system. Variables collected include patient age, sex, race, county and state of residence, date of illness onset, clinical syndrome, and outcome of illness. Results: During 1999-2008, a total of 28,961 confirmed and probable cases of WNV disease, including 11,822 (41%) WNV neuroinvasive disease cases, were reported to CDC from 47 states and the District of Columbia. No cases were reported from Alaska, Hawaii, Maine, or any U.S. territories. A total of 93% of all WNV patients had illness onset during July-September. The national incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease peaked in 2002 (1.02 cases per 100,000 population) and was stable during 2004-2007 (mean annual incidence: 0.44; range: 0.390.50). In 2008, the incidence was 0.23 per 100,000 population, compared with 0.41 in 2007 and 0.50 in 2006. During 1999-2008, the highest incidence of neuroinvasive disease occurred in West North Central and Mountain states. Neuroinvasive disease incidence increased with increasing age, with the highest incidence (1.35 cases per 100,000 population) occurring among persons aged _>70 years. The hospitalization rate and case-fatality ratio increased with increasing age among persons with neuroinvasive disease. Interpretation: The stability in reported incidence of neuroinvasive disease during 2004-2007 might represent an endemic level of WNV transmission. Whether the incidence reported in 2008 represents a decrease that will continue is unknown; variations in vectors, avian amplifying hosts, human activity, and environmental factors make predicting future WNV transmission levels difficult. Public Health Action: Surveillance of WNV disease is important for detecting and monitoring seasonal epidemics and targeting prevention and control activities. Public health education programs should focus on older persons, who are at increased risk for neurologic disease and poor clinical outcomes. In the absence of an effective human vaccine, WNV disease prevention depends on community-level mosquito control and household and personal protection measures."- p. 1Nicole P. Lindsey, J. Erin Staples, Jennifer A. Lehman, Marc Fischer, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases."April 2, 2010."Chiefly tables.Also available via the World Wide Web.References: p. 6-7