Biosurfactants produced by yeasts: fermentation, screening, recovery, purification, characterization, and applications

The demand for biosurfactants (BS) produced by yeast for use in industrial processes and products is increasing. Therefore, there has been an increase in the number of publications related to characterization of surfactant compounds produced by yeasts generally recognized as safe (GRAS), which has enabled their application in several industries, including the pharmaceutical and food industries. However, some of these studies use techniques that are not accurate or are no longer essential because of advancements in new technologies. Given the industrial importance of yeasts and their potential to produce BS, this study reviews the production of BS by this microorganism and the most recent industrial applications of BS. It also critically reviews a wide range of techniques used in screening of BS-producing strains, as well as those used in recovery, purification, and characterization of these surfactant compounds produced by yeasts. This review introduces diverse methodologies that are indispensable for the study of BS produced by yeast in an effort to advance BS design, synthesis, and application and introduces new perspectives in the research of these compounds to overcome the obstacles present in this field.This research was supported by Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Brasil (CNPq) [grant numbers 312336/2014-4, 423095/2016-1], Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) [grant number CAG-APQ-03478-16], and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) [PNPD20131289]

Bovine Blood Constituents as Fat Replacers in Ham Pâté

Some tests were carried out in this work with the aim of evaluating a partial replacement of fat in the raw batter of ham pâté by using bovine blood constituents, such as globin (GL), plasma (PL) or 1:1 globin and plasma (GP). Plasma was separated from red cells by blood centrifugation, and globin was extracted by the carboxymethylcellulose method. The salt-soluble protein content (SSP) and the binding properties including water holding capacity (WHC) and raw batter stability (RBS) were estimated. The results indicated that among the 3 treatments studied, the use of globin showed to be a little more advantageous for the quality of the raw batter of ham pâté, since its incorporation as fat replacer led to an increase in RBS but no change of SSP was observed

Proizvodnja γ-dekalaktona u različitim uvjetima s pomoću dvaju sojeva kvasca

γ-Decalactone is a flavour compound that when obtained by biotechnological production using microorganisms is classified as natural. The aim of this study is to evaluate various conditions for γ-decalactone production by tropical yeast strains Yarrowia lipolytica CCMA 0242 and Lindnera saturnus CCMA 0243. The growth of and γ-decalactone production by Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 were higher in castor oil than in glycerol. γ-Decalactone production in single batch or fed-batch fermentation did not differ significantly. The γ-decalactone production by L. saturnus CCMA 0243 was better at initial pH=5, while the production by Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 was better at initial pH=6. The yeast L. saturnus CCMA 0243 produced more γ-decalactone than Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 under the same fermentation conditions. The crude glycerol was not an alternative substrate for γ-decalactone production by Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242. Castor oil at volume fraction of 30 % showed better results as a substrate. The strain L. saturnus CCMA 0243 showed better results of γ-decalactone production. This yeast species can be considered an alternative producer of γ-decalactone in biotechnological processes.γ-Dekalakton je sastojak arome koji se, ako je dobiven biotehnološkom proizvodnjom uz pomoć mikroorganizama, smatra prirodnim proizvodom. Svrha je ovoga rada bila ispitati različite uvjete proizvodnje γ-dekalaktona s pomoću tropskih sojeva kvasca Yarrowia lipolytica CCMA 0242 i Lindnera saturnus CCMA 0243. Rast kvasca Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 i proizvodnja γ-dekalaktona bili su izraženiji u podlozi s ricinusovim uljem nego s glicerolom. Koncentracija γ-dekalaktona dobivena šaržnom fermentacijom nije se bitno razlikovala od one dobivene fermentacijom s pritokom supstrata. S pomoću kvasca L. saturnus CCMA 0243 proizvedeno je više γ-dekalaktona pri pH=5, a s pomoću soja Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 pri pH=6. Soj L. saturnus CCMA 0243 proizveo je više γ-dekalaktona od soja Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 pri istim uvjetima fermentacije. Sirovi glicerol nije dobar supstrat za proizvodnju γ-dekalaktona s pomoću soja Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242, jer su bolji rezultati postignuti u podlozi s 30 % ricinusovog ulja. Proizvodnja je γ-dekalaktona bila bolja s pomoću soja L. saturnus CCMA 0243, pa se taj kvasac može smatrati alternativnim proizvođačem γ-dekalaktona u biotehnološkim procesima

Kefir - grains and beverages: a review

Kefir is a fermented milk beverage produced by the action of bacteria and yeasts that exist in symbioticassociation in kefir grains. The large number of microorganisms present in kefir and their microbial interactions, the possiblebioactive compounds resulting of microbial metabolism, and the benefits associated with the use this beverage confers kefir thestatus of a natural probiotic, designated as the 21th century yoghurt. The importance of probiotics in food industry is growingnowadays and further research should be performed on the symbiotic relations between different microorganisms and howthese interactions can result in nutritional and therapeutic benefits as curing and preventing human diseases and otherdisorders. This review includes a thorough and detailed discussion on the structure, microbiological and chemical composition,and the production and utilization of kefir will be presented covering different aspects.Kefir é uma bebida de leite fermentado produzido pela ação de bactérias e leveduras que existem em associaçãosimbiótica em grãos de kefir. O grande número de microrganismos presentes no kefir, suas interações microbianas, ospossíveis compostos bioativos resultantes do metabolismo microbiano e os benefícios associados ao uso de bebidas kefir,conferem o status de um probiótico natural, designado como o iogurte século XXI. A importância dos probióticos na indústriade alimentos está crescendo hoje em dia e mais pesquisas devem ser realizadas sobre as relações simbióticas entre diferentesmicrorganismos e como essas interações podem resultar em benefícios nutricionais e terapêuticas, como a cura e prevenção dedoenças humanas e outras desordens. Esta revisão inclui uma discussão aprofundada e detalhada sobre a composiçãoestrutural, microbiológica e química do kefir. E a produção e utilização de kefir serão também apresentados

Perfis proteicos de café durante a fermentação por diferentes métodos de inoculação de leveduras

The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein profiles of natural and semidry fermented Coffea arabica, either subjected to treatments with different yeast inoculation methods with starter culture or to an uninoculated control. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 and Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544 were separately inoculated into coffee by directly spraying the cherries on a terrace or in buckets, for 16 hours before sun drying. Protein quantification showed a significant difference between the protein profiles of the samples collected after natural dry fermentation. The MALDI-TOF MS analysis generated a list of 96 peaks with different mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) in the samples collected at the beginning and the end of fermentation. The highest number of peaks in the natural dry coffee was observed at the end of fermentation in the samples inoculated with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, in bucket, and in C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 sprayed on the terrace. However, in the semidry processed coffee, the highest number of peaks was observed in the initial fermentation, with a decrease in the peptide peaks after fermentation. The fermentation with different microorganisms, processing types, and inoculation methods affects m/z profiles, influencing the types of proteins found in coffee. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil proteico de café arábica (Coffea arabica) fermentado por via natural e semisseco, submetido ou a tratamentos com diferentes métodos de inoculação com culturas iniciadoras ou a um controle sem inoculação. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 e Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544 foram inoculadas separadamente no café, por pulverização direta nos frutos-cereja, em um terreiro suspenso, ou em baldes, por 16 horas antes da secagem ao sol. A quantificação de proteínas mostrou uma diferença significativa no perfil proteico das amostras colhidas, após fermentação seca natural. A análise MALDI-TOF MS gerou uma lista de 96 picos com diferentes proporções massa/carga (m/z), nas amostras colhidas no início e ao final da fermentação. O maior número de picos no café processado seco ao natural foi observado ao final da fermentação nas amostras com inoculação de S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, no balde e nas amostras de C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544 pulverizadas no terraço. No entanto, no café processado semisseco, o maior número de picos foi observado no tempo inicial de fermentação, com diminuição dos picos dos peptídeos após a fermentação. A fermentação com diferentes microrganismos, tipos de processamento e métodos de inoculação afeta os perfis m/z e influencia os tipos de proteínas encontradas no café.

Probiotic and antifungal attributes of lactic acid bacteria isolates from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives

Research with fermented olives as a source of wild Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains with probiotic and biotechnological characteristics constitutes a promising field of work. The present study evaluated in vitro probiotic, antifungal, and antimycotoxigenic potential of LAB isolates from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives. Among fourteen LAB isolates, the Levilactobacillus brevis CCMA 1762, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus CCMA 1768, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CCMA 1770 showed potential probiotic and antifungal properties. The isolates showed resistance to pH 2.0 (survival ≥ 84.55), bile salts (survival ≥ 99.44), and gastrointestinal tract conditions (survival ≥ 57.84%); hydrophobic cell surface (≥27%); auto-aggregation (≥81.38%); coaggregation with Escherichia coli INCQS 00181 (≥33.97%) and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 564 (≥53.84%); adhesion to the epithelial cell line Caco-2 (≥5.04%); antimicrobial activity against the bacteria S. Enteritidis ATCC 564 (≥6 mm), Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117 (≥6 mm), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 8702 (≥3 mm), and the fungi Penicillium nordicum MUM 08.16 (inhibition ≥ 64.8%). In addition, the strains showed the ability to adsorb the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (≥40%) and ochratoxin A (≥34%). These results indicate that LAB strains from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives are potentially probiotic and antifungal candidates that can be used for food biopreservation.This research was funded by the Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Brasil (CNPq) [423095/2016-1; 309561/2019-1], Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) [CAG-APQ-03478-16], Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) [PNPD20131289], Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [UIDB/04469/2020], LABBELS—Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechnaical Systems [LA/P/0029/2020]. Luís Abrunhosa acknowledges FCT for the assistant research contract CEECIND/00728/2017.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Proizvodnja octa iz plodova biljke Myrciaria jaboticaba pomoću imobiliziranih bakterija octenog vrenja

Cell immobilization comprises the retention of metabolically active cells inside a polymeric matrix. In this study, the production of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) vinegar using immobilized Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter oxydans cells is proposed as a new method to prevent losses of jabuticaba fruit surplus. The pulp of jabuticaba was processed and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0200 was used to ferment the must for jabuticaba wine production. Sugars, alcohols (ethanol and glycerol) and organic acids were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The ethanol content of the produced jabuticaba wine was approx. 74.8 g/L (9.5 % by volume) after 168 h of fermentation. Acetic acid fermentation for vinegar production was performed using a mixed culture of immobilized A. aceti CCT 0190 and G. oxydans CCMA 0350 cells. The acetic acid yield was 74.4 % and productivity was 0.29 g/(L·h). The vinegar had particularly high concentrations of citric (6.67 g/L), malic (7.02 g/L) and succinic (5.60 g/L) acids. These organic acids give a suitable taste and flavour to the vinegar. Seventeen compounds (aldehydes, higher alcohols, terpene, acetate, diether, furans, acids, ketones and ethyl esters) were identified in the jabuticaba vinegar. In conclusion, vinegar was successfully produced from jabuticaba fruits using yeast and immobilized mixed cultures of A. aceti and G. oxydans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use mixed culture of immobilized cells for the production of jabuticaba vinegar.Imobilizacija stanica podrazumijeva zadržavanje metabolički aktivnih stanica unutar polimernog matriksa. U radu je predložena nova metoda proizvodnje octa iz plodova biljke Myrciaria jaboticaba pomoću imobiliziranih stanica bakterija Acetobacter aceti i Gluconobacter oxydans, za sprečavanje gubitaka u proizvodnji tog voća zbog viška plodova. Fermentacijom voćne pulpe pomoću kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0200 nastao je mošt, koji je zatim upotrijebljen za proizvodnju vina. Koncentracije šećera, alkohola (etanola i glicerola) i organskih kiselina u vinu određene su visokodjelotvornom tekućinskom kromatografijom, a koncentracije hlapljivih spojeva plinskom kromatografijom s plameno- -ionizacijskim detektorom. Koncentracija etanola u proizvedenom vinu bila je otprilike 74,8 g/L (volumni udjel 9,5 %) nakon 168 sati fermentacije. Pomoću mješovite kulture imobilizoranih stanica bakterija A. aceti CCT 0190 i G. oxydans CCM 0350 proizveden je ocat. Dobiven je prinos octene kiseline od 74,4 %, a produktivnost je postupka iznosila 0,29 g/(L·h). Proizvedeni ocat imao je izrazito velike koncentracije limunske (6,67 g/L), jabučne (7,02 g/L) i sukcinske kiseline (5,60 g/L). Te su mu organske kiseline dale prikladan okus i aromu. Identificirano je 17 različitih spojeva (aldehida, viših alkohola, terpena, acetata, dietera, furana, kiselina, ketona i etilnih estera) u octu. Zaključeno je da je ocat uspješno proizveden iz plodova biljke Myrciaria jaboticaba pomoću kvasca i imobilizirane mješovite kulture A. aceti i G. oxydans. Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvo istraživanje u kojem su za proizvodnju octa iz plodova biljke Myrciaria jaboticaba upotrebljene imobilizirane stanice mješovite kulture bakterija

Uso de biossensor a laser para avaliação da atividade metabólica microbiana do vinagre de kefir

The objective of this work was to verify the use of a laser biosensor for the microbial metabolic activity assessment of kefir vinegar. Kefir grains were inoculated in apple must and were analyzed daily using the biospeckle technique. The initial biological activity was of 14.21 pixels per absolute value of differences (AVD). The biological activity of kefir grains decreased in the early days of fermentation and increased on the fourth day to 11.51 pixels per AVD; however, on the last day, the biological activity of kefir grains decreased to 7.12 pixels (alcoholic fermentation) and to 6.77 pixels per AVD (acetic fermentation). This new biospeckle methodology facilitates the microbiological control in fermentation processes.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o uso de biossensor a laser para a avaliação da atividade metabólica microbiana do vinagre de kefir. Os grãos de kefir foram inoculados em mosto de maçã e analisados diariamente pela técnica de biospeckle. A atividade biológica inicial foi de 14,21 pixels por valor absoluto das diferenças (AVD). A atividade biológica dos grãos de kefir diminuiu nos primeiros dias de fermentação e aumentou no quarto dia para 11,51 pixels por AVD; no entanto, no último dia, a atividade biológica dos grãos de kefir diminuiu para 7,12 pixels (fermentação alcoólica) e 6,77 pixels por AVD (fermentação acética). Esta nova metodologia do biospeckle facilita o controle microbiológico em processos fermentativos