Utility of Spatial Filtering Techniques in the Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion in the Sefid-Rud Reservoir Catchment in Iran

The objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of Landsat Thematic Mapper digital images assisted by computer analysis to the study of soil erosion. The study aims to identify the sources of sediment and areas of dissected land in the catchment basin of the Sefid Rud reservoir in northern Iran. First, histogram equalization is deliberately applied to the original band 3 to reduce the noise and unv/anted edges and lines in the dark tail of the histogram, mainly vegetation, and the light tail, the non-eroded areas, and also to improve the visual appearance of edges and lines on the processed image. The next step is high pass filtering, unlike the conventional edge detection technique in which the first step is low pass filtering. In this instance, the result of low pass filtering was that faint edges, evidence of the gullies, were removed and highly eroded areas appeared as non eroded areas. Therefore low pass filtering was replaced with high pass filtering, which highlighted faint edges and lines. The next step is detecting the edges and lines. When using the edge and line detecting technique for detecting dissected lands one needs to take into account that a gully might appear as two or three edges if its width is more than one pixel or as one line if it is just one pixel or less than one pixel in width on the Thematic Mapper image. Therefore an algorithm should be chosen which has the ability to detect both edges and lines. The existina edge and line detecting filters such as the Sobel , the Robert, compass, the Laplacian convolution masks and the directional line detecting technique were evaluated. The Sobel and the Robert operators were found to be powerful edge detecting techniques, but the Laplacian convolution mask was found to be the best for detecting the badland and gullied areas because it has the ability to detect faint edges as well as coarse edges. Not only does it detect both edges and lines, but it also gives stronger weight to the lines than the edges. Only edges and lines in gullied areas were of interest for detecting the dissected lands, but all other artificial and natural lines and edges were also detected. The result of applying the Laplacian function appears on the screen as black, white and gray pixels. The black pixels are non-eroded land, white pixels are eroded and gray pixels are transitional between eroded and non eroded. To change the transitional pixels to either eroded or non eroded and also for printing the image as hardcopy the thresholding function of IAX was applied to the edge detected image. In order to mask out the noise within the vegetated areas caused by edges of plots of different crops the vegetation index (VI) was added to the detected image. In the derived image black pixels are evidence of gullies and white pixels are non dissected lands. In this image it is possible to find out the relative proportion of dissected and non dissected land globally and / or within the regions of interest. Although it is possible to measure the proportions of dissected and non dissected land and they are also visually distinguishable, they have not been categorised so far. To provide a map with categories of dissection, the first step is to smooth the image. To obtain the smooth image a low pass filter was used. Two ways were tested for producing the map of dissected lands from the smoothed image. In the first method one of the strongest edge detecting techniques, the Sobel operator was used on the smoothed image of dissected lands. In the result boundaries were detected and eroded and non eroded areas outlined. In the second method for categorising the smoothed image, the density slicing function of IAX was used to split the dissected land into different levels of severity. We concluded that the second method gives a better result. It was found in previous work that among erosion features gullies are recognizable on Thematic Mapper data. Detection of gullies and gullied areas by means of classification, whether supervised or unsupervised, was not successful in this study area. We came to the conclusion that the application of a Laplacian mask on the enhanced band 3 image could detect dissected lands. When aerial photographs and Thematic Mapper data are compared, the advantage of aerial photographs was that gullies actively cutting headwards were detectable, but on the Thematic Mapper data distiguishing between active and non active gullies was impossible. Aerial photographs are a very good tool to detect all kinds of erosion features (sheet, rill, and gully), but in my study area applying this new method (DLDT) on Thematic Mapper data can provide as much detail of soil erosion as is included in previous soil erosion maps made from aerial photographs. The Sobel and the Robert operators were found to be very strong edge detectors, but the ability of the Laplacian convolution mask for detecting gullies was greater. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

Optimal Voltage Regulation of Unbalanced Distribution Networks with Coordination of OLTC and PV Generation

Photovoltaic (PV) smart inverters can regulate voltage in distribution systems by modulating reactive power of PV systems. In this paper, an optimization framework for optimal coordination of reactive power injection of smart inverters and tap operations of voltage regulators for multi-phase unbalanced distribution systems is proposed. Optimization objectives are minimization of voltage deviations and tap operations. A novel linearization method convexifies the problem and speeds up the solution. The proposed method is validated against conventional rule-based autonomous voltage regulation (AVR) on the highly-unbalanced IEEE 37 bus test system. Simulation results show that the proposed method estimates feeder voltage accurately, voltage deviation reductions are significant, over-voltage problems are mitigated, and voltage imbalance is reduced.Comment: IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 201

Quasi-dynamic Load and Battery Sizing and Scheduling for Stand-Alone Solar System Using Mixed-integer Linear Programming

Considering the intermittency of renewable energy systems, a sizing and scheduling model is proposed for a finite number of static electric loads. The model objective is to maximize solar energy utilization with and without storage. For the application of optimal load size selection, the energy production of a solar photovoltaic is assumed to be consumed by a finite number of discrete loads in an off-grid system using mixed-integer linear programming. Additional constraints are battery charge and discharge limitations and minimum uptime and downtime for each unit. For a certain solar power profile the model outputs optimal unit size as well as the optimal scheduling for both units and battery charge and discharge (if applicable). The impact of different solar power profiles and minimum up and down time constraints on the optimal unit and battery sizes are studied. The battery size required to achieve full solar energy utilization decreases with the number of units and with increased flexibility of the units (shorter on and off-time). A novel formulation is introduced to model quasi-dynamic units that gradually start and stop and the quasi-dynamic units increase solar energy utilization. The model can also be applied to search for the optimal number of units for a given cost function.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted at The IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA