1,473 research outputs found
Unbalanced subtrees in binary rooted ordered and un-ordered trees
Binary rooted trees, both in the ordered and in the un-ordered case, are well
studied structures in the field of combinatorics. The aim of this work is to
study particular patterns in these classes of trees. We consider completely
unbalanced subtrees, where unbalancing is measured according to the so-called
Colless's index. The size of the biggest unbalanced subtree becomes then a new
parameter with respect to which we find several enumerations
On the sub-permutations of pattern avoiding permutations
There is a deep connection between permutations and trees. Certain
sub-structures of permutations, called sub-permutations, bijectively map to
sub-trees of binary increasing trees. This opens a powerful tool set to study
enumerative and probabilistic properties of sub-permutations and to investigate
the relationships between 'local' and 'global' features using the concept of
pattern avoidance. First, given a pattern {\mu}, we study how the avoidance of
{\mu} in a permutation {\pi} affects the presence of other patterns in the
sub-permutations of {\pi}. More precisely, considering patterns of length 3, we
solve instances of the following problem: given a class of permutations K and a
pattern {\mu}, we ask for the number of permutations whose
sub-permutations in K satisfy certain additional constraints on their size.
Second, we study the probability for a generic pattern to be contained in a
random permutation {\pi} of size n without being present in the
sub-permutations of {\pi} generated by the entry . These
theoretical results can be useful to define efficient randomized pattern-search
procedures based on classical algorithms of pattern-recognition, while the
general problem of pattern-search is NP-complete
Coalescent histories for lodgepole species trees
Coalescent histories are combinatorial structures that describe for a given
gene tree and species tree the possible lists of branches of the species tree
on which the gene tree coalescences take place. Properties of the number of
coalescent histories for gene trees and species trees affect a variety of
probabilistic calculations in mathematical phylogenetics. Exact and asymptotic
evaluations of the number of coalescent histories, however, are known only in a
limited number of cases. Here we introduce a particular family of species
trees, the \emph{lodgepole} species trees , in which
tree has taxa. We determine the number of coalescent
histories for the lodgepole species trees, in the case that the gene tree
matches the species tree, showing that this number grows with in the
number of taxa . This computation demonstrates the existence of tree
families in which the growth in the number of coalescent histories is faster
than exponential. Further, it provides a substantial improvement on the lower
bound for the ratio of the largest number of matching coalescent histories to
the smallest number of matching coalescent histories for trees with taxa,
increasing a previous bound of
to . We discuss the implications of our
enumerative results for phylogenetic computations
On the number of ranked species trees producing anomalous ranked gene trees
Analysis of probability distributions conditional on species trees has
demonstrated the existence of anomalous ranked gene trees (ARGTs), ranked gene
trees that are more probable than the ranked gene tree that accords with the
ranked species tree. Here, to improve the characterization of ARGTs, we study
enumerative and probabilistic properties of two classes of ranked labeled
species trees, focusing on the presence or avoidance of certain subtree
patterns associated with the production of ARGTs. We provide exact enumerations
and asymptotic estimates for cardinalities of these sets of trees, showing that
as the number of species increases without bound, the fraction of all ranked
labeled species trees that are ARGT-producing approaches 1. This result extends
beyond earlier existence results to provide a probabilistic claim about the
frequency of ARGTs
Yule-generated trees constrained by node imbalance
The Yule process generates a class of binary trees which is fundamental to
population genetic models and other applications in evolutionary biology. In
this paper, we introduce a family of sub-classes of ranked trees, called
Omega-trees, which are characterized by imbalance of internal nodes. The degree
of imbalance is defined by an integer 0 <= w. For caterpillars, the extreme
case of unbalanced trees, w = 0. Under models of neutral evolution, for
instance the Yule model, trees with small w are unlikely to occur by chance.
Indeed, imbalance can be a signature of permanent selection pressure, such as
observable in the genealogies of certain pathogens. From a mathematical point
of view it is interesting to observe that the space of Omega-trees maintains
several statistical invariants although it is drastically reduced in size
compared to the space of unconstrained Yule trees. Using generating functions,
we study here some basic combinatorial properties of Omega-trees. We focus on
the distribution of the number of subtrees with two leaves. We show that
expectation and variance of this distribution match those for unconstrained
trees already for very small values of w
On the maximal weight of -ary chain partitions with bounded parts
A -ary chain is a special type of chain partition of integers with
parts of the form for some fixed integers and . In this note,
we are interested in the maximal weight of such partitions when their parts are
distinct and cannot exceed a given bound . Characterizing the cases where
the greedy choice fails, we prove that this maximal weight is, as a function of
, asymptotically independent of , and we provide an efficient
algorithm to compute it.Comment: 17 page
Domestic applications for aerospace waste and water management technologies
Some of the aerospace developments in solid waste disposal and water purification, which are applicable to specific domestic problems are explored. Also provided is an overview of the management techniques used in defining the need, in utilizing the available tools, and in synthesizing a solution. Specifically, several water recovery processes will be compared for domestic applicability. Examples are filtration, distillation, catalytic oxidation, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. Solid disposal methods will be discussed, including chemical treatment, drying, incineration, and wet oxidation. The latest developments in reducing household water requirements and some concepts for reusing water will be outlined
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