Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children Visiting Wolaita Sodo University Hospital, Wolaita sodo, Ethiopia

Background: Malnutrition is a state of nutrition in which a deficiency or an excess of energy, protein, and other nutrients which cause measurable adverse  effects on tissue body form for function  and clinical outcome .Children are most vulnerable to malnutrition in developing countries because of low dietary intakes, lack of appropriate care, and inequitable distribution of food within the household. Malnutrition remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children throughout the world. Malnutrition in Ethiopia, in the form of stunting, underweight and wasting was identified as 44%, 29% and 10% in children under five. The magnitude and various associated factors were not clearly known in the study area. Objective: To assess the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among under-five children at wolaita soddo university hospital, Wolaita Sodo, SSNPR, EthiopiaMethods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2016 in Wolaita Sodo town, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 123 respondents, who visited WSUH under-five OPD using pre tested structured questionnaires and measuring weight, MUAC and height of children. Result: A total of 123 respondents were included in the study giving the response rate 100%. From the total 123 respondents 28(22.8%) are stunting, 11(8.9%) are wasting, 6(4.9%) are under weight. The prevalence of Malnutrition is 25.2%,and out of this  stunting ,wasting , and underweight were 90.3%,35.5 % and 19.4% respectively, and 29% 12.9%,3.2% are kwashiorkor, marasmic and ,marasmic-kwash respectively. The larger (54.8%) prevalence of PEM was found in rural.Conclusion: The prevalence of PEM among under-five children among those attending under- five OPD at WSUH is relatively high. The finding of this study confirmed that demographic and socio-economic factors and many independent variables have significant association with PEM. Keywords: malnutrition, PEM, and prevalenc

Factors Affecting Women’s Perception Towards ANC and Institutional Delivery Service Utilization in Boditi Town, SNNPR, Ethiopia

Background; Reduction of maternal mortality is a global priority particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia, where maternal mortality ratio is one of the highest in the world. The key to reducing maternal mortality ratio and improving maternal health is increasing attendance by skilled health personnel throughout pregnancy and delivery service. However, maternal health service utilization throughout the country is extremely low. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors affecting maternal health service utilization associated to women’s perspective.Methods:A community based cross sectional study was conducted on 310 married women in Boditi town, SNNPR, Ethiopia which were selected by using systematic random sampling method. The study was conducted from September up to October, 2015. Mean score was calculated for each respondent and categorized by 50 quartiles.Result: The study result showed that 305(98.39%) respondents thought ANC service is important while 230(74.19%) said ID is important and 310 (100%) thought childbearing is not only women’s responsibility. Based on the mean score of the respondents 78.7% of them have good perception towards utilization of antenatal care service and 77.4% of the respondents have good perception towards institutional delivery services. Education, occupation, income and age of married women were found to have significant impact on perception of institutional delivery and ANC service utilization.Conclusion:The final conclusion of this study had revealed that the majority of women had good perception towards maternal service utilization including antenatal care and institutional delivery. Moreover educational status, income level, occupational status and age of married women has significant association with perception of maternal services both ANC and institutional delivery services. Policy makers should have to advocate formal education for women and design strategy to make women utilize the existing maternal health service including ANC follow up and institutional delivery

Syndicate Size In Global IPO Underwriting

This study analyzes factors that determine syndicate size in ADR IPO underwriting.  The information gathering role of investment bankers, complexity and risk of issue, corporate governance and transparency environment factors, and potential business relations are the basis for the analyses.  Empirical results indicate decreasing syndicate size over time.  No significant relation is found between syndicate size and initial day return of IPOs.  The transparency environment, dilution effect of the issue, growth stage of the issuer, lead underwriter reputation, offering size and ownership concentration are found to have significant effects on syndicate size

The Relationships Between Motivation Type and Elective Sports Participation among Sport Science Undergraduate Students of Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia

The major objective of this study was to find out the motivational difference between football, volleyball, basketball, handball and athletics sport elective students. This research followed cross sectional survey study design with purposive sampling technique. The Sport Motivation Scale was used to gather data on the motivation for sport participation. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS Version 22.  One-way ANOVA was computed to analyze the differences among elective sport means with manually calculated effect size and Tukey HSD post hoc was conducted to determine which groups differ from each other. The age ranges of the students were 19 to 25 with a mean age of 22.05 ± 1.43 years old. There were 67 % female and 33 % male respondents. The majority of the students was assigned to their respective elective sport of their choice which accounts about 77 % and the rest 23 % were assigned to their second-choice elective sport. Of the students participated in the study, 16 (21%) identified as volleyball elective students, followed by 16 (21%) athletics elective students, 15 (20%) football elective students 14 (19%) basketball and 14 (19%) handball elective students. ANOVA analysis revealed that there was statistically significant difference between elective sport students (F 4, 70=51.30, P<0.001, η2= 0.74) that football sport elective students are significantly intrinsically motivated than basketball (p<0.001), handball (p<0.001) and athletics (p<0.001) sport elective students. The extrinsic motivation was also found significant (F 4, 70=56.18, p<0.001, η2= 0.76). The extrinsic motivation mean score of football elective sport students was significantly higher than basketball (p<0.001), handball (p<0.001) and athletics (p<0.001) elective sport students. Post hoc test showed that handball elective students amotivation mean score was significantly higher than football (p<0.001), volleyball (p<0.001), basketball (p<0.001) and athletics (p<0.001) elective students. Female students amotivation mean value was (M =16.62, SD =4.11) significantly higher than the mean score of male students (M = 13.96, SD= 4.08) at (t (73) =1.02, p =0.01). There was positive relationship between the mean score of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, (r=0. 822, p <0. 001). Negative correlation was found between intrinsic and amotivation (r=-0.764, p <0. 001) and extrinsic and amotivation (r=-0.762, p<0. 001). Generally, this study found that football elective students have higher intrinsic and extrinsic motivation followed by basketball elective students. Female students tend to be highly amotivated than male students. Keywords: amotivation, elective sport, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, motivation typ

Adoption and Impacts of Dairy Production Technologies in Southwest Ethiopia: The Cases of Jimma and Ilu- Ababora Zones

The study was aimed to assess access, use and impacts of dairy production technologies on the livelihood of smallholder farmers. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect the data from randomly selected 240 respondents in Jimma and Ilu- Ababora zones of southwest Ethiopia. The result of the study witnessed that there was a significant difference between milk yield of cross and local breed in all lactation periods. A significant difference between adopters and non-adopters was also seen on number of local bulls, number of chickens, income from sale of cattle, availability of farm assets, and nutrition diversity and availability. The logistic regression result revealed that distance to artificial insemination center affected the adoption decision negatively and significantly. Economic factors such as land, labor and income or cash was also seen as positive and significant relation on the adoption decision. On other hands, frequency of extension visits and training on dairy management affects the adoption decision positively. The result from Tobit model also shows extension and credit services affect extent of adoption positively and distance to market, distance to veterinary services and family size affects negatively. Therefore, huge emphasis should be provided in building infrastructural facilities that enhance dairy technology adoption and in improving farmers’ awareness, understanding and perception through training, demonstration, field visits and experience sharing at different levels. Keywords: Adopter, Artificial insemination, Lactation, logistic regression, Non adopter 

Treatment outcome of severe malaria in adults with emphasis on neurological manifestations at Gondar University Hospital, north west Ethiopia

Background: Malaria is a major health threat in Ethiopia. Unstable malaria transmissions cause severe clinical manifestations and result in high case fatality. Objective: The aim of this study was to asses the clinical features and treatment outcome of severe malaria cases with special emphasis on the neurologic manifestations. Methods: A retrospective medical records analysis was done at Gondar University hospital, which is located in Gondar town. br> Results: Severe malaria accounted for 4.4% of the admissions and for 7.3% of the deaths occurring in the medical wards of the hospital. Neurological manifestations were observed in 61.5% of cases. The crude case fatality rate was 28.4% with 87.1% of the deaths having neurologic manifestations. Cerebral malaria accounted for 58.1% of the deaths and it was the most significant independent variable predicting poor outcome. Other poor prognostic indicators were late presentation to the hospital, acidotic breathing, pulmonary edema, shock or/hypotension, hyperparasitemia, rural residence and age 40 years and above in adults. Conclusion and recommendations: Neurological manifestations were the major determinant of morbidity and mortality in severe malaria cases in adults. This study indicates that more emphasis needs to be given to prevention and early management of malaria. Priority should also be given to patients with neurologic manifestations and they should be cared for in intensive care units. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 20 (2) 2006: 106-11

Managerial Tenure And Mutual Fund Performance: Evidence From Index Funds

We analyze the impact of managerial tenure on the performance of mutual funds.  We examine different aspects of the mutual funds and relate them to managerial tenure.  We control for risk, asset allocation (North America and Emerging Markets), size, turnover and number of holdings. Based on a sample of index mutual funds, we find that managerial tenure has significant impact of the funds return. The strength of this relation diminishes as performance is measured on longer term basis.  There is no significant direct impact of managerial tenure on expense ratio and rating.  &nbsp

An alternative safer and cost effective surface sterilization method for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) explants

Regardless of its serious health effect, mercury chloride is frequently utilized for surface sterilization to mitigate microbial contamination in sugarcane tissue culture. The current study aimed at finding an alternative safer and cost effective sterilization method to substitute mercury chloride. In the study, sugarcane shoot tip blocks were treated with three concentrations (1, 3, and 5% active ingredient of chlorine) of local bleach (Berekina) for varying exposure time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min). Surface sterilization with 0.1% mercury chloride for 10 min was used as standard check. Combinations of the surface sterilization treatments were applied to explants of two sugarcane genotypes in completely randomized design. Data were collected on contamination and survival percentage of explants after 15 days of in vitro culturing on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg l-1 6- benzylamino purine + 0.5 mg l-1 indole-3- butyric acid. Data were subjected to three way analysis of variance. The study verified that surface sterilization with Berekina 5% ingredients of chlorine for 25 min exposure time is optimal for sugarcane shoot tip decontamination and this treatment combination can replace sterilization with 0.1% mercury chloride for 10 min.Key words: Berekina, mercury chloride, exposure time, shoot tip, in vitro

Cost of Production of Coffee in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

አህፅሮት የዚህ ጥናት አላማ በአነስተኛ አርሶ-አደር ዘንድ ያለዉን የቡናን ትርፋማነት ለማጥነት ነዉ፡፡ ጥናቱ በጅማ ዞን ሊሙኮሳ፣ ጎማ፣ ማና እና ጉማይ ወረዳዎች ባጠቃላይ 90 አርሶ-አደሮችና 110 የቡና ማሳ ላይ የተደረገ ነዉ፡፡ መረጃዉ ከተሰበሰበ በኋላ ቡናዉ በአምሰት የዕድገት ደረጃዎች (ደረጃ 1 እስከ ደረጃ 5) ተከፍሏል፡፡ የጥናቱ ግኝት እንደሚያመለክተዉ ቡና በደረጃ 1 የዕድገት ደረጃ (ከማሳ ዝግጅት እስከ አነድ አመት) ከፍተኛ ወጪ (ዓመታዉ ወጪ ብር 79920.95) እና ምንም ምርት የማያስገኝበት ደረጃ ላይ ስለሆነ ኔጋቲቭ ያልተጣራ ማርጅን ያሳያል፡፡ በደረጃ 2 (ከ2-3 ዓመት ቡና) የዕድገት ደረጃም እንዲሁ ኔጋቲቭ ያልተጣራ ማርጅን ስኖረዉ ወጪዉ በከፍተኛ ደረጃ ይቀንሳል (ዓመታዉ ወጪ ብር 19053.14)፡፡ ከደረጃ 3 እስከ 5 ቡናዉ ምርታማ የሚሆንበት ደረጃ ስሆን ደረጃ 3 (ከ4-8 ዓመት ቡና) ከሁሉም ደረጃዎች የበለጠ ከፍተኛ ምርት ያስገኛል (867.05 ኪ.ግ/ሄክ ቅሽር ቡና)፤ ዓመታዊ ወጪዉም ብር 22039.29 ነዉ፡፡ ነገር ግን ከፍተኛ ያልተጣራ ማርጅንና የላቀ የቡና የጥቅም-ወጪ ንፅፅር የሚገኘዉ በደረጃ 4 (ከ9-13 ዓመት ቡና) ስሆን ከዚያም እየቀነሰ ይሄዳል፡፡ ባጠቃላይ በሁሉም የዕድገት ደረጃዎች አማካይ የቡና የጥቅም-ወጪ ንፅፅር 1.13 ስሆን ይህም የቡና ትርፋማነት ዝቅተኛ መሆኑን ያሳያል፡፡ ስለሆነም ምርትን በማሳደግ ገቢን ለማሳደግ ምርጥ የቡና ዘሮችን መጠቀም፤ በሌላ በኩል ወጪን ለመቀነስ የተለያዩና አዳዲስ የፈጠራ ዘዴዎችን (ለምሳሌ ማሽኖች) መጠቀም እንደሚገባ ይህ ጥናት ያስገነዝባል፡፡    AbstractThe main objective of this study was to provide detail information on production costs and gross profits of coffee production under smallholder farmers. The study was conducted at four districts of Jimma zone namely Limu Kosa, Gomma, Manna and Gumay Districts. A total of 110 coffee plots from 90 coffee producing households were selected for this study. Data was categorized under five coffee growth stages and analysis was undertaken based on the stages. Stage I covers from coffee establishment stage to coffee age of one year. Stage II covers a coffee age of two and three years. Stage III covers coffee age of four to eight years. Stage IV covers a coffee age of nine to twelve years. Finally, stage V covers coffee age of greater or equals to thirteen years of age. Descriptive, gross margin, benefit-cost ratio, sensitivity, and break-even analysis was conducted to summarize the data. The result of the study showed that at stage I, seedling purchase cost is the most important cost. For the establishment of a hectare of new coffee and plant management until one year, Birr 79920.95 is needed. A single coffee tree need Birr 31.9 at this stage.  At stage II, the highest cost is cost of slashing followed by watering and digging.  The mean total variable cost at this stage is Birr19053.14 and the mean cost per tree is Birr 7.62. At stage III, the highest cost share goes to harvesting followed by weeding and digging. The mean per hectare total variable cost at this stage is Birr 22039.29 and the mean cost per tree is Birr 8.82. Harvesting, weeding and digging are three important cost of coffee production at stage IV. The mean total variable cost and per tree cost is Birr 18247.00 and Birr 7.3, respectively. The highest cost at stage V goes to harvesting and digging. The mean total variable cost at this stage is Birr 19843.27 and the mean per tree cost is Birr 7.94. The overall mean cost of coffee production per year per hectare of land was Birr 24696.53. The maximum clean coffee yield per hectare was observed at stage III (867.05 kg/ha). Gross Margin is negative at stage I and stage II, and it is positive and peak at stage IV. The highest benefit-cost ratio was observed at stage IV (2.01) followed by stage III (1.67). The overall gross margin was Birr 3156.40 and the benefit-cost ratio was 1.13. The study realized that high cost of production at all stages has jeopardized the gross margin. Therefore, encourage utilization of improved coffee seeds and seedlings to boost the gross return and cost minimization through utilization of different creative and innovative ideas such as machines are crucial to increase the gross margin.