Neuropsychological data as assessed prior and six weeks after PTA.

*<p>p<0.05.</p>t<p>p<0.10.</p

Displayed are the numbers of patients who cognitively deteriorated or improved 6 weeks after intervention in 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 cognitive domains.

<p>Adopting a conventional definition, cognitive change is assumed as significant if it exceeds one standard deviation in two or more domains.</p

Number of patients who cognitively deteriorated, remained stable or improved after the intervention, separately displayed according to the incidence of new DWI lesions.

<p>Number of patients who cognitively deteriorated, remained stable or improved after the intervention, separately displayed according to the incidence of new DWI lesions.</p

Displayed are means and standard deviations of the difference values for all cognitive domains, correlation coefficients and the probability values.

<p>With exception of a significant association between semantic verbal fluency and lesion quantity, correlation analysis yielded no significant results.</p

Displayed are the numbers of patients who showed cognitive deficits prior to intervention in 1, 2, 3 or 4 cognitive domains (z-score<−1.0).

<p>Displayed are the numbers of patients who showed cognitive deficits prior to intervention in 1, 2, 3 or 4 cognitive domains (z-score<−1.0).</p

Direct Observation of Electron Confinement in Epitaxial Graphene Nanoislands

One leading question for the application of graphene in nanoelectronics is how electronic properties depend on the size at the nanoscale. Direct observation of the quantized electronic states is central to conveying the relationship between electronic structures and local geometry. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy was used to measure differential conductance d<i>I</i>/d<i>V</i> patterns of nanometer-size graphene islands on an Ir(111) surface. Energy-resolved d<i>I</i>/d<i>V</i> maps clearly show a spatial modulation, indicating a modulated local density of states due to quantum confinement, which is unaffected by the edge configuration. We establish the energy dispersion relation with the quantized electron wave vector obtained from a Fourier analysis of d<i>I</i>/d<i>V</i> maps. The nanoislands preserve the Dirac Fermion properties with a reduced Fermi velocity

Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in the Elderly—Influence of Age and Sex

<div><p>Although a relationship between depression and cardiovascular events has been suggested, past study results regarding the risk of stroke in relation to depression by subgroups are ambiguous. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of depressive symptoms on risk of incident ischemic stroke in elderly according to age and sex. This prospective cohort study followed up 3852 subjects older than 55 years. Baseline depressive symptoms were defined by a score ≥5 on the Geriatric Depression Scale or antidepressant intake. The outcome measure was incident ischemic stroke within 6 years of follow-up. Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models as well as cumulative survival analyses were computed. A total of 156 ischemic strokes occurred during the study period (24 strokes in the age-group<65 years and 132 strokes in the age-group≥65 years). The distribution of strokes in sex-subgroups was 4.5% in men and 3.7% in women. The multivariate analysis showed an elevated stroke risk (Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.84, 95% CI 1.11–7.29, p = 0.030) in subjects from 55 to 64 years with depressive symptoms at baseline but not in subjects older than 65 years. In the multivariate analysis according to sex the risk was increased in women (HR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.02–2.57, P = 0.043) but not in men. The Cox-regression model for interaction showed a significant interaction between age and sex (HR: 3.24, 95% CI 1.21–8.69, P = 0.020). This study corroborates that depressive symptoms pose an important risk for ischemic stroke, which is particularly remarkable in women and patients younger than 65 years.</p> </div

Multivariate Cox-PH Model for the Risk of ischemic Stroke in Subjects With and Without Depression (GDS ≥5)/Antidepressant Medication, Adjusted for Age and Sex.

<p>Multivariate Cox-PH Model for the Risk of ischemic Stroke in Subjects With and Without Depression (GDS ≥5)/Antidepressant Medication, Adjusted for Age and Sex.</p

Kaplan–Meier survival plots for different age groups (<65, ≥65 years) and sex; timeframe between INVADE inclusion (day 0) and event free survival for ischemic stroke between the group taking antidepressants or GDS ≥5 and non-depressive group; for each plot the corresponding number of events and the size of the group is available at the end of the curve.

<p>Kaplan–Meier survival plots for different age groups (<65, ≥65 years) and sex; timeframe between INVADE inclusion (day 0) and event free survival for ischemic stroke between the group taking antidepressants or GDS ≥5 and non-depressive group; for each plot the corresponding number of events and the size of the group is available at the end of the curve.</p

Sex-dependent multivariate Cox-PH Model for the Risk of Stroke in Subjects With and Without Depression (GDS ≥5)/Antidepressant Medication, Adjusted for Age.

<p>Sex-dependent multivariate Cox-PH Model for the Risk of Stroke in Subjects With and Without Depression (GDS ≥5)/Antidepressant Medication, Adjusted for Age.</p