57 research outputs found
Implementing strategies to overcome social-ecological traps: the role of community brokers and institutional bricolage in a locally managed marine area
We examine collaborative arrangements for resource management between communities and external agencies, with a particular interest in how community-based interventions are integrated into local contexts. This timely inquiry comes in a period when participatory resource management approaches are increasingly being applied to overcome the perpetual cycles of poverty in which poor resource-dependent people find themselves, i.e., social-ecological traps. Much of the literature on social-ecological traps has focused on identifying conditions, factors, and responses that are important in, for example, alleviating systemic poverty or developing sustainable resource management systems. However, insufficient focus has been placed on understanding the practical processes by which strategies are implemented, and how these can reflexively affect the system itself. Drawing from a case study of a locally managed marine area in Indonesia, we examine the interactions between a nongovernment organization and a target community during the implementation of a fisheries management plan. Applying insights from rural development studies, we show how external interventions, designed to pull people out of social-ecological traps, are operationalized into forms that make them locally familiar and appropriate through actions of community brokers and processes of institutional bricolage. We argue that as a consequence of implementing processes, such interventions should be expected to diverge from their initial science-based justification
Following the fish inland: understanding fish distribution networks for rural development and nutrition security
© 2019, International Society for Plant Pathology and Springer Nature B.V. In developing countries, small-scale fisheries are both a pivotal source of livelihood and essential for the nutritional intake of larger food insecure populations. Distribution networks that move fish from landing sites to coastal and inland consumers offer entry points to address livelihood enhancement and food security objectives of rural development initiatives. To be able to utilize fish distribution networks to address national development targets, a sound understanding of how local systems function and are organized is imperative. Here we present an in-depth examination of a domestic market chain in Timor-Leste that supplies small-pelagic fish to coastal and inland communities. We present the market chain’s different commodity flows and its distributive reach, and show how social organization strongly influences people’s access to fish, by determining availability and affordability. We suggest there is potential to advance Timor-Leste’s food and nutrition security targets by engaging with local influential actors and existing social relations across fish distribution networks. We argue that in addition to developing improvements to fish distribution infrastructure, utilizing existing or locally familiar practices, organization and social capital offers opportunity for long term self-sufficiency. Livelihood and food security improvement initiatives involving natural resource-dependent communities are more likely to succeed if they incorporate rural development perspectives, which frame directly targeted interventions (‘intentional’ development) within broader structural contexts (‘immanent’ development)
Following the fish inland: understanding fish distribution networks for rural development and nutrition security
In developing countries, small-scale fisheries are both a pivotal source of livelihood and essential for the nutritional intake of
larger food insecure populations. Distribution networks that move fish from landing sites to coastal and inland consumers offer
entry points to address livelihood enhancement and food security objectives of rural development initiatives. To be able to utilize
fish distribution networks to address national development targets, a sound understanding of how local systems function and are
organized is imperative. Here we present an in-depth examination of a domestic market chain in Timor-Leste that supplies smallpelagic fish to coastal and inland communities. We present the market chain’s different commodity flows and its distributive
reach, and show how social organization strongly influences people’s access to fish, by determining availability and affordability.
We suggest there is potential to advance Timor-Leste’s food and nutrition security targets by engaging with local influential actors
and existing social relations across fish distribution networks. We argue that in addition to developing improvements to fish
distribution infrastructure, utilizing existing or locally familiar practices, organization and social capital offers opportunity for
long term self-sufficiency. Livelihood and food security improvement initiatives involving natural resource-dependent communities are more likely to succeed if they incorporate rural development perspectives, which frame directly targeted interventions
(‘intentional’ development) within broader structural contexts (‘immanent’ development).The authors acknowledge support from staff from
the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) in the district of Maliana
and the aldeia administrative staff in Beacou. Assistance of WorldFish
Timor-Leste staff was critical in setting up the fieldwork, particularly
Mario Pereira. We are grateful for the time and information provided by
respondents in the village of Beacou, as well as those interviewed intransit, at markets and in consumer households in and around Maliana.
Fieldwork was made possible with funding from a Charles Darwin
University (CDU) post doctoral fellowship co-funded through the North
Australian Marine Research Alliance (NAMRA) in partnership with the
Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), the Australian National
University (ANU) and the Northern Territory Government [NAMRA-02-
2014]. Further support was provided by SwedBio (a programme at
Stockholm Resilience Centre), Australian National Centre for
Agriculture Research (ACIAR – FIS/2010/097) and the Consultative
Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Research
Program on Fish in Agri-food Systems (‘FISH’). Finally, the authors
thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and
Neil Andrew for his review of draft
Autosomal Recessive Dilated Cardiomyopathy due to DOLK Mutations Results from Abnormal Dystroglycan O-Mannosylation
Genetic causes for autosomal recessive forms of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are only rarely identified, although they are thought to contribute considerably to sudden cardiac death and heart failure, especially in young children. Here, we describe 11 young patients (5–13 years) with a predominant presentation of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Metabolic investigations showed deficient protein N-glycosylation, leading to a diagnosis of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG). Homozygosity mapping in the consanguineous families showed a locus with two known genes in the N-glycosylation pathway. In all individuals, pathogenic mutations were identified in DOLK, encoding the dolichol kinase responsible for formation of dolichol-phosphate. Enzyme analysis in patients' fibroblasts confirmed a dolichol kinase deficiency in all families. In comparison with the generally multisystem presentation in CDG, the nonsyndromic DCM in several individuals was remarkable. Investigation of other dolichol-phosphate dependent glycosylation pathways in biopsied heart tissue indicated reduced O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan with concomitant functional loss of its laminin-binding capacity, which has been linked to DCM. We thus identified a combined deficiency of protein N-glycosylation and alpha-dystroglycan O-mannosylation in patients with nonsyndromic DCM due to autosomal recessive DOLK mutations
Implementing strategies to overcome social-ecological traps: the role of community brokers and institutional bricolage in a locally managed marine area
We examine collaborative arrangements for resource management between communities and external agencies, with a particular interest in how community-based interventions are integrated into local contexts. This timely inquiry comes in a period when participatory resource management approaches are increasingly being applied to overcome the perpetual cycles of poverty in which poor resource-dependent people find themselves, i.e., social-ecological traps. Much of the literature on social-ecological traps has focused on identifying conditions, factors, and responses that are important in, for example, alleviating systemic poverty or developing sustainable resource management systems. However, insufficient focus has been placed on understanding the practical processes by which strategies are implemented, and how these can reflexively affect the system itself. Drawing from a case study of a locally managed marine area in Indonesia, we examine the interactions between a nongovernment organization and a target community during the implementation of a fisheries management plan. Applying insights from rural development studies, we show how external interventions, designed to pull people out of social-ecological traps, are operationalized into forms that make them locally familiar and appropriate through actions of community brokers and processes of institutional bricolage. We argue that as a consequence of implementing processes, such interventions should be expected to diverge from their initial science-based justification
Strategic Customary Village Leadership in the Context of Marine Conservation and Development in Southeast Maluku, Indonesia
This article critically examines engagements of village leaders in an NGO-facilitated participatory conservation program in eastern Indonesia. It explores how the program\u27s implementation strengthened leadership legitimacy of a dominant customary social group. Customary leaders ensured distribution according to particular norms, and in organizing village governance upheld specific interests and claims over natural resources. Villagers outside of the customary group remained marginalized in village governance, despite being important stakeholders. Findings reveal complex relationships between leaders and villagers that were strongly framed by orders of power and cultural history, which influenced how and to what extent peripheral groups participated. The case study concludes that village leaders can form effective avenues to deliver on conservation outcomes. However, in their preoccupation with maintaining leadership legitimacy, they may inadequately address dynamic intra-community tensions that could jeopardize long-term outcomes. Co-management partners can play significant roles in adapting management and prompting more inclusive governance processes
Strategic Customary Village Leadership in the Context of Marine Conservation and Development in Southeast Maluku, Indonesia
This article critically examines engagements of village leaders in an NGO-facilitated participatory conservation program in eastern Indonesia. It explores how the program’s implementation strengthened leadership legitimacy of a dominant customary social group. Customary leaders ensured distribution according to particular norms, and in organizing village governance upheld specific interests and claims over natural resources. Villagers outside of the customary group remained marginalized in village governance, despite being important stakeholders. Findings reveal complex relationships between leaders and villagers that were strongly framed by orders of power and cultural history, which influenced how and to what extent peripheral groups participated. The case study concludes that village leaders can form effective avenues to deliver on conservation outcomes. However, in their preoccupation with maintaining leadership legitimacy, they may inadequately address dynamic intra-community tensions that could jeopardize long-term outcomes. Co-management partners can play significant roles in adapting management and prompting more inclusive governance processes
Impacts of marine protected areas on livelihoods and food security of the Bajau as an indigenous migratory people in maritime Southeast Asia
Over the last decade, the global conservation agenda has increasingly recognized mobility as an important livelihood and management strategy for indigenous people, acknowledging the need to secure their ongoing access to natural resources within territorial waters and transboundary regions. A growing policy framework exists to support equity, indigenous rights, access to natural resources, participation in management of conservation areas and compensation resulting from loss of access to resources. The rights of indigenous peoples, including sea nomadic or migratory peoples,1 were recognized in 1989 under Article 4 of the International Labour Organization Convention. Various resolutions, recommendations, declarations and principles, formulated at conservation meetings, including the Convention on Biological Diversity and the World Parks Congress (WPC), have acknowledged the need to secure ongoing access for indigenous mobile and nomadic peoples to natural resources within local and transboundary protected areas in order to enable them to continue to hunt, gather and fish for both subsistence and income-generating purposes.
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