Comparative Assessment of the Degradation Behaviour of API 5l X65 And Micro-Alloyed Steels in E20 Simulated Fuel Ethanol Environment

Presently, bio-fuels are evolving as a significant alternative to tackle the problem of global warming in the world. Fuel ethanol is one of such alternatives employed to reduce the usage of fossil fuels such as petrol. Regardless of the great potentials posed by fuel ethanol in

Corrosion resistance of galvanized roofing sheets in acidic and rainwater environments

The galvanization of steel sheets for building roofs and construction of additional structures has been a valued solution to the challenges faced by the deterioration of roofing steel sheets in an unfavourable surroundings. This research was conducted on galvanized roofing sheets obtained from the open market in Nigeria. The samples were cut to a small size (5 cm by 4 cm) and immersed in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). As the control medium for the experiment, rainwater was used. The experiment was performed over 1200 hours; each sample was removed every 240 hours, thoroughly washed, dried, and weighed again. Based on the reacting media, variations in the weights of the samples were obtained. According to ASTM G1-03 standard practice, Corrosion rates were calculated for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was also carried out. Although some samples resisted corrosion, other samples corroded. It is predicted that the green-coated samples are more resistant to corrosion in rainwater and H2SO4 and thus more stable

Development of a Human Powered Pedal Washing MACHINE

Human powered pedal washing machine has been designed using materials suitable for its application. An existing bicycle was used as the pedal and other parts of the machine such as the drum, the frame was fabricated using galvanized steel. The material selection was put into consideration, such as corrosion because of the machine’s involvement with water. The human powered pedal washing machine was tested with a used dirty Laboratory coat. The pedaling washing was first done for the first 15 minutes, using water and sunlight detergent soap. There was a partial cleaning of the Laboratory coat, though the coat was very dirty. Another round of washing was done after which the first washing water was drained out through the outlet part of the machine. The second washing was excellent because the Laboratory coat was clean. The human powered pedal washing machine performed well with all the designed parts functioning well. This is an eco-friendly machine, maintenance cost free, energy conservation machine and highly sustainable for underdeveloped nations of the world

Comparison of the Elemental Structure and Emission Characteristics of Selected PVC and Non PVC Ceiling Materials Available in Nigerian Markets

The recurring fire outbreak in buildings in Nigeria is quite alarming, just as the shift to the use of PVC as a choice for ceiling material due to its aesthetic appearance is on the increase. Hence this study determined the emission characteristics PVC and non-PVC samples. This was done with a view to establishing their suitability as ceiling materials in building designs for tropical countries and providing thermal and combustion data for building stakeholders that could help to checkmate man made fire disasters. This experiment involves the burning of a consistent mass, 50g of 6 samples of 3 PVC and 3 non-PVC in an open furnace where the combustion is carefully controlled. It investigates the flue gasses concentration emitted in the cause of fire outbreak and its effect on occupants. It responds to the question in mind that not only visible flame kills but also toxicity from flue gas can be detrimental to health of victims. The results showed that PVC samples are unwelcome in terms of their emission characteristics which were due to their elemental makeup of their composites such as PVC recorded highest Carbon composition of 77.9% and lowest oxygen composition of 18.0 %. VOCs are cancerous, cause dizziness, rapid heartbeat, vomiting and eventual death. Benzene, a known VOC, is used in making PVC which is a human carcinogen compound. Ceiling materials that will achieve low noxious emission and as well fire retardant should be investigated and employed for use. These materials can be improved upon to achieve environmental friendly building materials

IGNITION TIME OF SELECTED CEILING MATERIALS AND ESCAPE TEMPERATURE TIME PREDICTION OF FIRE FIGHTER RESCUE MISSION

This study investigated the ignition time of selected ceiling materials with the view to know the responses of the materials to flame if it is spontaneous or not and to report their suitability for use. In this study sample of polyvinylchloride (PVC) and plant originated ceiling materials from western and northern parts of Nigeria were used. PVC samples experienced spontaneous ignition due to their coating. 50 g of each sample was combusted in a purged local combustion stove. Thermocouple was used in measuring their temperatures at equal intervals. The residual sample mass was weighed with an electronic balance. The result showed that the ignitions of plant originated ceiling were spontaneous producing less mass loss and char when compared to those observed in case of PVC. The latter ignition time was attributed to its coating that ignited. Asbestos was unresponsive to the combustion process but it became brittle. It would have been an excellent fire-retardant ceiling material if not for the resultant health hazard called asbestosis. The minimum grand time for rescue operation while entering and leaving a fire compartment was 85

Performance Evaluation of Developed Mathematical Models of Hot Air Balloon for Drone Application

designing a hot air balloon necessitates an accurate model of its dynamics. In many of these applications, control of the balloons is important and requires proper mathematical modelling of the mechanical and thermal dynamics of the balloon. Although complex thermodynamic models have been developed, this research would address the use of simple heat transfer and performance relationship to develop a comprehensive hot-air balloon model for drone applications. The mathematical model comprises of a heat transfer model and a performance model, considering that the motion of the system is governed by heat transfer between the system and the surroundings. For the heat transfer, two models were developed (model 1 and model 2). Model 2 proved to be more accurate than Model 1 upon simulation. The simulation runs of the first and second model were compared using the simulation data inspector on Simulink to determine the difference between the signals graphically. The result shows that the second model (orange) is more responsive to heat loss than the first model (green)

Experimental and Mathematical Modeling for Prediction of Tool Wear on the Machining of Aluminium 6061 Alloy by High Speed Steel Tools

In recent machining operation, tool life is one of the most demanding tasks in production process, especially in the automotive industry. The aim of this paper is to study tool wear on HSS in end milling of aluminium 6061 alloy. The experiments were carried out to investigate tool wear with the machined parameters and todevelopedmathematicalmodelusingresponsesurface methodology.Thevariousmachiningparametersselected fortheexperimentarespindlespeed(N),feedrate(f),axialdepthofcut(a)andradialdepthofcut(r).Theexperimentwasdesignedusingcentralcompositedesign(CCD) inwhich31sampleswererunonSIEG3/10/0010CNCend milling machine. After each experiment the cutting tool wasmeasuredusingscanningelectronmicroscope(SEM). Theobtainedoptimummachiningparametercombination arespindlespeedof2500rpm,feedrateof200mm/min, axialdepthofcutof20mm,andradialdepthofcut1.0mm wasfoundouttoachievedtheminimumtoolwearas0.213 mm. The mathematical model developed predicted the toolwearwith99.7%whichiswithintheacceptableaccuracyrangefortoolwearpredictio

Development of a Human Powered Pedal Washing MACHINE

Human powered pedal washing machine has been designed using materials suitable for its application. An existing bicycle was used as the pedal and other parts of the machine such as the drum, the frame was fabricated using galvanized steel. The material selection was put into consideration, such as corrosion because of the machine’s involvement with water. The human powered pedal washing machine was tested with a used dirty Laboratory coat. The pedaling washing was first done for the first 15 minutes, using water and sunlight detergent soap. There was a partial cleaning of the Laboratory coat, though the coat was very dirty. Another round of washing was done after which the first washing water was drained out through the outlet part of the machine. The second washing was excellent because the Laboratory coat was clean. The human powered pedal washing machine performed well with all the designed parts functioning well. This is an eco-friendly machine, maintenance cost free, energy conservation machine and highly sustainable for underdeveloped nations of the world

Comparison of the Elemental Structure and Emission Characteristics of Selected PVC and Non PVC Ceiling Materials Available in Nigerian Markets

The recurring fire outbreak in buildings in Nigeria is quite alarming, just as the shift to the use of PVC as a choice for ceiling material due to its aesthetic appearance is on the increase. Hence this study determined the emission characteristics PVC and non-PVC samples. This was done with a view to establishing their suitability as ceiling materials in building designs for tropical countries and providing thermal and combustion data for building stakeholders that could help to checkmate man made fire disasters. This experiment involves the burning of a consistent mass, 50g of 6 samples of 3 PVC and 3 non-PVC in an open furnace where the combustion is carefully controlled. It investigates the flue gasses concentration emitted in the cause of fire outbreak and its effect on occupants. It responds to the question in mind that not only visible flame kills but also toxicity from flue gas can be detrimental to health of victims. The results showed that PVC samples are unwelcome in terms of their emission characteristics which were due to their elemental makeup of their composites such as PVC recorded highest Carbon composition of 77.9% and lowest oxygen composition of 18.0 %. VOCs are cancerous, cause dizziness, rapid heartbeat, vomiting and eventual death. Benzene, a known VOC, is used in making PVC which is a human carcinogen compound. Ceiling materials that will achieve low noxious emission and as well fire retardant should be investigated and employed for use. These materials can be improved upon to achieve environmental friendly building materials