GGE biplot analysis of the adaptability and stability of wheat genotypes in Mozambique

O objetivo deste trabalho foi usar o método GGE biplot, para selecionar genótipos de trigo superiores quanto à adaptabilidade e à estabilidade e determinar a produtividade de grãos em Sussundenga, Bárué e Lichinga, em Moçambique, nas safras agrícolas de 2018/2019, 2019/2020 e 2020/2021. Foram avaliados 11 tratamentos, tendo-se utilizado dez genótipos de trigo provenientes do International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center e uma cultivar testemunha, desenvolvida por uma empresa zimbabweana de sementes e usada no programa nacional de trigo do país. A produtividade de grãos foi a principal característica avaliada, por meio de análises individuais e conjuntas de variância, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Os efeitos dos genótipos e da interação genótipo × ambiente foram significativos. A análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelo método GGE biplot mostrou que os dois primeiros componentes principais explicaram 94,6% da variação total para o efeito ano, e 91,8%, para o efeito localização. Os seguintes genótipos podem ser selecionados para ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis: G1, considerado ideal devido sua alta média de produtividade e estabilidade ao longo dos anos; e G4 e G7, por apresentarem, simultaneamente, alta produtividade e estabilidade ao longo dos anos.The objective of this work was to use the GGE biplot method to select superior wheat genotypes for adaptability and stability, and to determine grain yield in Sussundenga, Bárué, and Lichinga, in Mozambique, in the 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021 crop years. Eleven treatments were evaluated, using ten wheat genotypes from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and a control cultivar developed by a Zimbabwean seed company and used in the national wheat program of the country. Grain yield was the main trait evaluated through individual and joint analyses of variance, adaptability, and stability. The effects of genotypes and the genotype × environment interaction were significant. The adaptability and stability analysis using the GGE biplot method showed that the first two main components explained 94.6% of the total variation for year effect, and 91.8%, for the location effect. The following genotypes can be selected for favorable and unfavorable environments: G1, considered ideal due to its high mean yield and stability over the years; and G4 and G7, for simultaneously showing a high yield and stability over the years

GGE biplot analysis of the adaptability and stability of wheat genotypes in Mozambique

Abstract The objective of this work was to use the GGE biplot method to select superior wheat genotypes for adaptability and stability, and to determine grain yield in Sussundenga, Bárué, and Lichinga, in Mozambique, in the 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021 crop years. Eleven treatments were evaluated, using ten wheat genotypes from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and a control cultivar developed by a Zimbabwean seed company and used in the national wheat program of the country. Grain yield was the main trait evaluated through individual and joint analyses of variance, adaptability, and stability. The effects of genotypes and the genotype × environment interaction were significant. The adaptability and stability analysis using the GGE biplot method showed that the first two main components explained 94.6% of the total variation for year effect, and 91.8%, for the location effect. The following genotypes can be selected for favorable and unfavorable environments: G1, considered ideal due to its high mean yield and stability over the years; and G4 and G7, for simultaneously showing a high yield and stability over the years

Potential of lines and populations of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of special grains

A maioria dos feijões cultivados e consumidos no Brasil são do pool gênico mesoamericano, de grãos do tipo carioca (cor creme com rajas marrons) e preto. Entretanto, com nichos de mercado bem definidos, se cultiva algum outro tipo de feijão, como é o caso do feijão vermelho, muito apreciado na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Assim, o maior esforço do melhoramento do feijoeiro no Brasil é dedicado ao desenvolvimento de cultivares de feijões de grãos carioca e preto. Entretanto, esses feijões têm mercado limitado no exterior, o que dificulta a exportação quando há excedentes. Nesse sentido, existem iniciativas no sentido de desenvolver cultivares com grãos tipo exportação, aqui denominados de feijões de grãos especiais (grãos grandes e das mais variadas colorações). Assim, o objetivo com esse trabalho foi introduzir e avaliar o desempenho de linhagens de feijões de grãos especiais em condições brasileiras com o intuito de identificar genótipos com potencial para serem recomendados, assim como para uso em cruzamentos visando o estabelecimento de um programa de seleção recorrente voltado para grãos especiais. Para tal, foram introduzidas e avaliadas 14 linhagens de feijão de grãos especiais em 10 ambientes envolvendo os municípios de Viçosa, Oratórios, Florestal e Coimbra. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos, a arquitetura de plantas, o número de dias para o florescimento e a massa de cem grãos. A adaptabilidade das linhagens foi avaliada com base no método dos centroides. Posteriormente, oito dessas linhagens foram cruzadas para compor um dialelo completo, visando escolha de genitores e de populações segregantes. Os genitores e os híbridos foram avaliados em Viçosa e Coimbra, Minas Gerais, e por meio da análise dialélica pelo método 2 de Griffing foram estimadas as capacidades geral e específica de combinação. As linhagens BRS Embaixador e CAL 96, além de apresentarem porte ereto, destacaram-se quanto à produtividade de grãos, apresentando adaptabilidade geral. Red Kanner e BRS Radiante apresentaram adaptabilidade específica à ambientes favoráveis, enquanto que BRS Executivo adaptabilidade específica à ambientes desfavoráveis. As linhagens Red Kanner, CAL 96, BRS Embaixador, BRS Radiante e Vermelhão apresentam alta frequência de alelos favoráveis para produtividade de grãos, constituindo assim em potenciais genitores para uso no melhoramento de feijões de grãos especiais. As melhores combinações híbridas tanto para extração de linhagens quanto para dar início a um programa de seleção recorrente, voltado para melhoramento de feijões de grãos especiais, são: CAL 96 x Red Kanner, WAF 75 x Red Kanner, Vermelhão x Red Kanner, BRS Radiante x Red Kanner, BRS Radiante x WAF 75, BRS Radiante x BRS Embaixador, CAL 96 x BRS Embaixador, WAF 75 x BRS Embaixador e Montcalm x BRS Embaixador.Most of cultivated and consumed beans in Brazil comes from the Mesoamerican gene pool, and also from carioca (cream color with brown stripe) and black type of grains. However, with well- defined market niches, some other beans are grown as is the case of red beans, much appreciated in the Zona da Mata, a micro-region of Minas Gerais State. Thus, the greatest effort of bean breeding in Brazil is dedicated to the development of cultivars from carioca and black beans group. Despite that, these beans have limited markets abroad, which makes it difficult to export when there are surpluses. In this sense, there are initiatives to develop cultivars with grains export type, here called special beans (large grains and various colorations). The objective of this work was to introduce and evaluate the performance of lines and cultivars of special grain beans under Brazilian conditions to identify genotypes with potential to be recommended, as well as for use in crosses to establish a breeding program based on recurrent selection focused on special grains. For that, 14 lines and cultivars of special grain beans were introduced and evaluated in 10 environments involving the municipalities of Viçosa, Oratórios, Florestal, and Coimbra. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. Grain yield, plant architecture, number of days for flowering and one hundred grain mass were evaluated. The adaptability of the genotypes was evaluated based on the Centroids method. Later, eight of these lines were crossed to form a complete diallel, aiming at the choice of parents and segregating populations. The parents and the hybrids were evaluated in Viçosa and Coimbra, Minas Gerais State, and through diallel analysis by Griffing method 2, the general and specific combining abilities were estimated. The BRS Embaixador and CAL 96 genotypes, besides standing upright, stood out in terms of grain yield, presenting a wide adaptation. The lines CAL 96 and Red Kanner constituted as potential parents for use in the improvement of special grain beans, showing a high frequency of favorable alleles for grain yield. The best hybrid combinations for both line extraction and to initiate a recurrent selection program for the improvement of special grain beans were: CAL 96 x Red Kanner, WAF 75 x Red Kanner, Vermilion x Red Kanner, BRS Radiante x WAF 75 and WAF 75 x BRS Embaixador

Ethylene: A Modulator of the Phytohormone-Mediated Insect Herbivory Network in Plants

Plants have evolved to establish insect herbivory defences by modulating their metabolism, growth, and development. Precise networks of phytohormones are essential to induce those herbivory defences. Gaseous phytohormone ET plays an important role in forming herbivory defences. Its role in insect herbivory is not fully understood, but previous studies have shown that it can both positively and negatively regulate herbivory. This review presents recent findings on crosstalk between ET and other phytohormones in herbivory responses. Additionally, the use of exogenous ETH treatment to induce ET in response to herbivory is discussed