PAPR Reduction in the OFDM signal Using Partial Transmit Sequence

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is becoming more and more popular nowadays. OFDM is widely used in 4G technologies in recent time. Main advantage of OFDM is that it uses orthogonal signal so removes inter signal interference. PAPR ratio in OFDM is very high because it uses multicarrier modulation ,which is its main drawback .OFDM is consist of the large number of the independent subcarrier, as a result of which the amplitude of the such a signal can have high peak values as it uses multicarrier modulation. More PAPR ratio means that more power needs to be transmitted from transmitter side .In our work we will try to reduce the PAPR using PARTIAL TRANSMIT SEQUENCE TECHNIQUE. In this technique data blocks are divided into non overlapping sub-block with independent rotation factor. This rotation factor generates time domain data using which it select signal having lowest PAPR. Results will be compared on the basis of the CCDF (complementary cumulative distribution function)

Study on Excitation Forces Generated by Defective Races of Rolling Bearing

AbstractThe vibrations generated by defective rolling elements bearing play vital role in dynamics of rotating machines. In this paper different approach for simulation and numerical analysis of defective bearing races presented by researchers have been compared and extended for multiple defects. This work has been attempted to demonstrate the way of modelling and simulation of local and distributed defect on inner and outer race of deep groove ball bearing. The bearing defect has been modelled as impulse train force or impact force to cause an additional deflection or excitation of rolling elements. The simulated results have been analysed in time and frequency domain. The characteristics defect frequency and its harmonics and amplitude of vibration response of defective bearing is broadly investigated through simulated results

Extraction of elastic-plastic material properties from spherical indentation stress-strain measurements and finite element simulations

Simulating complex interactions at different length scales of a hierarchical material system is essential to multi-scale modelling techniques. Such models, however, need reliable information on the effective properties measured at different length scales (i.e., spanning from the macroscale to the microscale constituents). This dissertation presents new protocols for estimating these multiscale properties from the indentation stress-strain curves measured using recently developed spherical indentation protocols. More specifically, protocols are developed to extract the homogenized (bulk) properties (e.g., uniaxial yield strength and hardening rate) at the macroscale. At the microscale, new protocols are formulated to extract single crystal elastic-plastic parameters (e.g., elastic stiffness constants and initial slip resistance) from nanoindentation measurements. All of the new protocols will be validated using a finite element model of the spherical indentation, used here as a surrogate for the actual experiment. The protocols are also demonstrated on a range of materials, for which experimental measurements have been published in prior literature.Ph.D

Assessing Economic and HRQL Burden of Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in the U.S.

Background: Food allergy, an abnormal immunologic response to food protein, has an estimated prevalence of 6% in young children and 3.7% in adults in the U.S. The only proven therapy for food allergy is strict elimination of the offending allergens. As a result, caregivers and patients could experience constant anxiety and stress that affects their quality of life. Additionally, food allergy can lead to significant economic impact on the health care system, since severe reactions often lead to ED visits and hospitalizations. Objectives: The first major objective was to determine the economic burden of Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis (FAA) patients in the U.S. by estimating the direct medical and indirect costs. The second principal objective involved assessing the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of food allergic patients by measuring their health utilities and disease specific quality of life. Methods: Economic burden was estimated by measuring certain direct medical and indirect costs from a societal perspective. Costs were estimated using a bottom-up approach -- calculating the average cost of illness per patient and multiplying it by reported prevalence estimates. FAA patients with an emergency department (ED) visit, office based physician visit, outpatient department visit, and hospital admission were identified from a list of federally administered databases using ICD-9 codes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to measure the robustness of the estimates. The cross-sectional HRQL study measured health utilities in food allergic adults and children, and quality of life in allergic adults using EQ-5D and FAQL-AF questionnaires respectively. These questionnaires were administered in an online survey format. Regression models were specified to explore the deviations in HRQL scores between patients with different disease related characteristics. Results: The findings reveal that for a given year (2007), direct medical costs worth $225 million and indirect costs worth$115 million were incurred. Owing to the irregularities in the reporting and diagnosis of food allergy, these values might be an underestimation. Simulations from probabilistic sensitivity analysis generated mean direct medical costs of $307 million and indirect costs of$203 million. Survey responses were collected online for eight months, during which 45 adults and 94 parents (acting as proxy for their food allergic child) responded. Adults reported a mean utility of 0.874 compared to 0.918 for children. Gender, number of food allergies and frequency of carrying epinephrine device had significant impacts on HRQL scores. An effect size of 0.003 was estimated comparing health utilities of food allergic adults with the general U.S. population. Conclusions: This was the first research to examine economic burden of FAA, and elucidate health utilities for food allergic patients. A large proportion of costs were incurred due to ambulatory visits. Effect size calculation revealed that health utilities of food allergic patients were very similar to the general U.S. population

Controlling Smartphone Webcam Mode Using Alternatives to Smartphone Touchscreen

This disclosure describes user-friendly techniques to connect a smartphone that is utilized as a web camera (webcam) by pairing the smartphone with a host device. Button-press patterns of a power button or another physical button on the side of a smartphone is used to convey user intent to enable/disable a webcam mode for the smartphone that is connected to a host device. This enables users to turn the webcam mode on/off even when the screen is turned off or facing away from the user, as is the case when a rear camera of the smartphone is used in the webcam mode. Alternatively, a companion wearable device can provide a user interface (UI) that can be utilized to perform control functions for a smartphone used as a webcam. The control functions can include turning the webcam mode on or off, providing real-time status of whether the smartphone is streaming video to the host device, and controlling parameters of the video captured by the smartphone, e.g., zoom, flash, active camera, quality, framerate, autoframing, focus, etc

Informatics based structure-property linkages for transverse strength of ceramic matrix composites

Advances in informatics and machine learning have revolutionized entire economic segments including advertising, pharmaceuticals, and finance. Recently efforts have sought to apply these approaches in materials science to better understand processing-structure-property relationships for materials development, concurrent material and component design and accurate performance prognosis of material behavior in application environments. Here informatics approaches are employed to understand the influence of topology of BN coated continuous SiC fibers embedded in a SiC matrix or SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites on transverse cracking strength. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Usage of EMBRACE TM in Gujarat, India: Survey of Paediatricians

Aim. EMBRACE TM is an innovative, low cost infant warmer for use in neonates. It contains phase change material, which stays at constant temperature for 6 hours. We surveyed paediatricians using EMBRACE TM regarding benefits, risks, and setup in which it was used in Gujarat. Methods. Questionnaire was administered telephonically to 52 out of 53 paediatricians. Results. EMBRACE TM was used for an average of 8.27 (range of 3-18, SD = 3.84) months by paediatricians. All used it for thermoregulation during transfers, for average (SD) duration of 42 (0.64) m per transfer, 62.7% used it at mother's side for average (SD) 11.06 (7.89) h per day, and 3.9% prescribed it at home. It was used in low birth weight neonates only by 56.9% while 43.1% used it for all neonates. While hyperthermia was not reported, 5.9% felt that EMBRACE TM did not prevent hypothermia. About 54.9% felt that they could not monitor the newborn during EMBRACE TM use. Of paediatricians who practiced kangaroo mother care (KMC), 7.7% have limited/stopped/decreased the practice of KMC and substituted it with EMBRACE TM . Conclusions. EMBRACE TM was acceptable to most but concerns related to monitoring neonates and disinfection remained. Most paediatricians felt that it did not hamper KMC practice

Economic burden of inpatient and outpatient antibiotic treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus complicated skin and soft-tissue infections

Previous economic analyses evaluating treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (cSSTI) failed to include all direct treatment costs such as outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT). Our objective was to develop an economic model from a US payer perspective that includes all direct inpatient and outpatient costs incurred by patients with MRSA cSSTI receiving linezolid, vancomycin, or daptomycin. A 4-week decision model was developed for this economic analysis. Published literature and database analyses with validation by experts provided clinical, resource use, and cost inputs on data such as efficacy rate, length of stay, adverse events, and OPAT services. Base-case analysis assumed equal efficacy and equal length of stay for treatments. We conducted several sensitivity analyses where assumptions on resource use or efficacy were varied. Costs were reported in year-end 2011 US dollars. Total treatment costs in the base-case were lower for linezolid ($10,571) than vancomycin ($11,096), and daptomycin ($13,612). Inpatient treatment costs were$740 more, but outpatient costs, $1,266 less with linezolid than vancomycin therapy due to a switch to oral linezolid when the patient was discharged. Compared with daptomycin, both inpatient and outpatient treatment costs were lower with linezolid by$87 and $2,954 respectively. In sensitivity analyses, linezolid had lower costs compared with vancomycin and daptomycin when using differential length of stay data from a clinical trial, and using success rates from a meta-analysis. In a scenario without peripherally inserted central catheter line costs, linezolid became slightly more expensive than vancomycin (by$285), but remained less costly than daptomycin (by $2,316). Outpatient costs of managing MRSA cSSTI may be reduced by 30%–50% with oral linezolid compared with vancomycin or daptomycin. Results from this analysis support potential economic benefit and cost savings of using linezolid versus traditional OPAT when total inpatient and outpatient medical costs are evaluated

Can Physician Champions Improve Kangaroo Care? Trends over 5 Years in Rural Western India

Introduction: In 2013, approximately 2.8 million children worldwide died within the neonatal period. India is at the epicenter of this tragedy, accounting for one-third of all neonatal mortalities. Prematurity and/or with low birth weight are the leading cause of neonatal mortality and India has the highest number of neonates born preterm and weighing less than 2,500 grams worldwide. It is estimated that Kangaroo Care can avert up to 48% of all neonatal deaths among premature babies by 2025. However, the promise of Kangaroo Care as a low-cost, safe, and efficacious intervention to reduce neonatal mortality in India has not been realized due to suboptimal implementation. Physician champions can improve Kangaroo Care implementation, but the magnitude of their impact is unknown. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 648 infants identified using clinical data from a NICU located in rural western India. Physicians who led Kangaroo Care training sessions with neonates and coached peer healthcare professionals were considered champions. Two Kangaroo Care champions were on staff full-time from January 2010 through June 2011, part-time from July 2011 through June 2012, and absent thereafter. We examined the effect of the withdrawal of physician champions on overall use using logistic regression, time to initiation using competing risk cox regression, and intensity using linear regression models of the two main components of Kangaroo Care, skin-to-skin care and breastfeeding, separately. Findings: In comparison to when Kangaroo Care champions were present, their absence was associated with a 45% decrease in the odds of receiving skin-to-skin care (95% CI): 64% to 17%), 38% decrease in the rate of initiation of skin-to-skin care (95% CI: 53% to 82%), and on average, 1.47 less hours of skin-to-skin care (95% CI: -2.07 to -0.86). Breastfeeding practices were similar across different champion environments. Interpretation: Withdrawal of Kangaroo Care champions from neonatal intensive care unit in rural western India is associated with diminished administration, delayed initiation, and shorter duration of skin-to-skin care, but did not impact breastfeeding practices. Training healthcare workers and community stakeholders to become champions could help in scaling up and maintaining Kangaroo Care practices. Funding: This research was supported by TL1-TR001454 (to A.S.) from National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and P60-MD006912-05 (to J.A.) from National Institute on Minority Health and Disparities. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH