Comparison of infraclavicular brachial plexus block with supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgeries using peripheral nerve stimulator

Background: The supraclavicular approach to brachialplexus block (SCB) is indicated for operations of upper extremity distal to the shoulder; the infraclavicular block (ICB) is indicated for operations of distal arm, elbow, wrist, and hand. Objective of the study was to compare the infraclavicular brachial plexus block with supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgeries using peripheral nerve stimulator.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 78 patients, 39 in each group in infraclavicular block and supraclavicular block, posted for various upper limb surgeries on elective or emergency basis and compare both the groups for block performance time, onset of block, quality of block, duration of block, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure post-operative complication.Results: Duration of surgery, quality of block and success rate was almost similar in both the groups. The block performance time for infraclavicular block was more as compared to supraclavicular block. The duration of block is more in infraclavicular group as compared to supraclavicular group. The onset of sensory blockade, as well as motor blockade, was slightly earlier in supraclavicular group. Hemodynemic parameters were also almost similar in both groups. Our study encounters higher number of complications among supraclavicular group.Conclusions: Supraclavicular route require less time to perform the block and have a rapid onset of sensory and motor block, but the duration of sensory and motor blockage is less as compared to infraclavicular route. Both the groups have a similar quality of block and success rate, but the supraclavicular route is associated with various complications compared to infraclavicular route

Epidural labor analgesia: a comparison of mixture of ropivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl versus ropivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl

Background: Ropivacaine is more selective for sensory fibers when compared to other local anesthetics, producing less motor block. This permits better maternal ambulation and also allows for normal progression of labor, which translates into lesser instrumental deliveries and higher vaginal deliveries. Objective was to evaluate 0.125% versus 0.2% ropivacaine, with 2 μg/ml of fentanyl in epidural labor analgesia, regarding their sensory and motor block characteristics.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 40 patients, 20 in each group [group A (0.125% ropivacaine with 2 µg/ml fentanyl), group B (0.2% ropivacaine with 2 µg/ml fentanyl)], for epidural labor analgesia in obstetrics and gynecology department (labor room). The efficacy of the drugs was tested by comparing the onset of analgesia, duration of labor analgesia, dose requirement, pulse, BP, sensory effect, motor effect, FHR, APGAR score and side effects.Results: Total duration of labor analgesia was 230.25 minutes with 55.68 SD and 186.25 minutes with 57.7 SD in group A and group B respectively (p<0.05). The total dose of ropivacaine used was 81.00 mg and 68.50 mg in group A and B respectively (p<0.05). Total dose of fentanyl required was 94.50 µg and 73.50 µg in group A and group B respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant difference found in hemodynamic parameters in both groups.Conclusions: Both the concentrations are effective in producing epidural labor analgesia. However, onset of analgesia was significantly faster with 0.2% ropivacaine. The required dose of ropivacaine was significantly higher in 0.125% ropivacaine. 0.2% ropivacaine shorten the duration of labor compared to 0.125% ropivacaine

Review on Event Retrieval in Soccer Video

Abstract — Event retrieval is one of the important topics of research in multimedia processing. Several works related with the retrieval of sports video are presented here and finally a hybrid method is been proposed which makes indirect use of human knowledge in their retrieval process. The proposed method aims to efficiently build human knowledge directly for soccer video events retrieval by fuzzy systems.