49 research outputs found
Non-separable Covariance Kernels for Spatiotemporal Gaussian Processes based on a Hybrid Spectral Method and the Harmonic Oscillator
Gaussian processes provide a flexible, non-parametric framework for the
approximation of functions in high-dimensional spaces. The covariance kernel is
the main engine of Gaussian processes, incorporating correlations that underpin
the predictive distribution. For applications with spatiotemporal datasets,
suitable kernels should model joint spatial and temporal dependence. Separable
space-time covariance kernels offer simplicity and computational efficiency.
However, non-separable kernels include space-time interactions that better
capture observed correlations. Most non-separable kernels that admit explicit
expressions are based on mathematical considerations (admissibility conditions)
rather than first-principles derivations. We present a hybrid spectral approach
for generating covariance kernels which is based on physical arguments. We use
this approach to derive a new class of physically motivated, non-separable
covariance kernels which have their roots in the stochastic, linear, damped,
harmonic oscillator (LDHO). The new kernels incorporate functions with both
monotonic and oscillatory decay of space-time correlations. The LDHO covariance
kernels involve space-time interactions which are introduced by dispersion
relations that modulate the oscillator coefficients. We derive explicit
relations for the spatiotemporal covariance kernels in the three oscillator
regimes (underdamping, critical damping, overdamping) and investigate their
properties.Comment: 56 pages, 12 figures, five appendice
Stochastic Stick - Slip Model Linking Crustal Shear Strength and Earthquake Interevent Times
The current understanding of the earthquake interevent times distribution
(ITD) is incomplete. The Weibull distribution is often used to model the
earthquake ITD. We link the earthquake ITD on single faults with the Earth's
crustal shear strength distribution by means of a phenomenological stick - slip
model. We obtain Weibull ITD for power-law stress accumulation, i.e.,
, where for single faults or systems
with homogeneous strength statistics. We show that logarithmic stress
accumulation leads to the log-Weibull ITD. For the Weibull ITD, we prove that
(i) , where and are, respectively, the ITD and crustal
shear strength Weibull moduli and (ii) the time scale where is the scale of crustal shear strength. We
generalize the ITD model for fault systems. We investigate deviations of the
ITD tails from the Weibull due to sampling bias, magnitude selection, and
non-homogeneous strength parameters. Assuming the Gutenberg - Richter law and
independence of on the magnitude threshold, we deduce that
where for
seismically active regions. We demonstrate that a microearthquake sequence
conforms reasonably well to the Weibull model. The stochastic stick - slip
model justifies the Weibull ITD for single faults and homogeneous fault
systems, while it suggests mixtures of Weibull distributions for heterogeneous
fault systems. Non-universal deviations from Weibull statistics are possible,
even for single faults, due to magnitude thresholds and non-uniform parameter
values.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures Version 2; minor correction
Analytic Properties and Covariance Functions of a New Class of Generalized Gibbs Random Fields
Spartan Spatial Random Fields (SSRFs) are generalized Gibbs random fields,
equipped with a coarse-graining kernel that acts as a low-pass filter for the
fluctuations. SSRFs are defined by means of physically motivated spatial
interactions and a small set of free parameters (interaction couplings). This
paper focuses on the FGC-SSRF model, which is defined on the Euclidean space
by means of interactions proportional to the squares of the
field realizations, as well as their gradient and curvature. The permissibility
criteria of FGC-SSRFs are extended by considering the impact of a
finite-bandwidth kernel. It is proved that the FGC-SSRFs are almost surely
differentiable in the case of finite bandwidth. Asymptotic explicit expressions
for the Spartan covariance function are derived for and ; both known
and new covariance functions are obtained depending on the value of the
FGC-SSRF shape parameter. Nonlinear dependence of the covariance integral scale
on the FGC-SSRF characteristic length is established, and it is shown that the
relation becomes linear asymptotically. The results presented in this paper are
useful in random field parameter inference, as well as in spatial interpolation
of irregularly-spaced samples.Comment: 24 pages; 4 figures Submitted for publication to IEEE Transactions on
Information Theor
Boltzmann-Gibbs Random Fields with Mesh-free Precision Operators Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
Boltzmann-Gibbs random fields are defined in terms of the exponential
expression exp(-H), where H is a suitably defined energy functional of the
field states x(s). This paper presents a new Boltzmann-Gibbs model which
features local interactions in the energy functional. The interactions are
embodied in a spatial coupling function which uses smoothed kernel-function
approximations of spatial derivatives inspired from the theory of smoothed
particle hydrodynamics. A specific model for the interactions based on a
second-degree polynomial of the Laplace operator is studied. An explicit,
mesh-free expression of the spatial coupling function (precision function) is
derived for the case of the squared exponential (Gaussian) smoothing kernel.
This coupling function allows the model to seamlessly extend from discrete data
vectors to continuum fields. Connections with Gaussian Markov random fields and
the Mat\'{e}rn field with are established.Comment: 29 pages, 4 figure