Co-targeting of FAK and MDM2 triggers additive anti-proliferative effects in mesothelioma via a coordinated reactivation of p53

Background: Improved mesothelioma patient survival will require development of novel and more effective pharmacological interventions. TP53 genomic mutations are uncommon in mesothelioma, and recent data indicate that p53 remains functional, and therefore is a potential therapeutic target in these cancers. In addition, the tumour suppressor NF2 is inactivated by genomic mechanisms in more than 80% of mesothelioma, causing upregulation of FAK activity. Because FAK is a negative regulator of p53, NF2 regulation of FAK–p53–MDM2 signalling loops were evaluated. Methods: Interactions of FAK–p53 or NF2–FAK were evaluated by phosphotyrosine-p53 immunoaffinity purification and tandem mass spectrometry, and p53, FAK, and NF2 immunoprecipitations. Activation and/or expression of FAK, p53, and NF2 were also evaluated in mesotheliomas. Effects of combination MDM2 and FAK inhibitors/shRNAs were assessed by measuring mesothelioma cell viability/growth, expression of cell cycle checkpoints, and cell cycle alterations. Results: We observed constitutive activation of FAK, a known negative regulator of p53, in each of 10 mesothelioma cell lines and each of nine mesothelioma surgical specimens, and FAK was associated with p53 in five of five mesothelioma cell lines. In four mesotheliomas with wild-type p53, FAK silencing by RNAi induced expression and phosphorylation of p53. However, FAK regulation of mesothelioma proliferation was not restricted to p53-dependent pathways, as demonstrated by immunoblots after FAK knockdown in JMN1B mesothelioma cells, which have mutant/inactivated p53, compared with four mesothelioma cell lines with nonmutant p53. Additive effects were obtained through a coordinated reactivation of p53, by FAK knockdown/inhibition and MDM2 inhibition, as demonstrated by immunoblots, cell viability, and cell-cycle analyses, showing increased p53 expression, apoptosis, anti-proliferative effects, and cell-cycle arrest, as compared with either intervention alone. Our results also indicate that NF2 regulates the interaction of FAK–p53 and MDM2–p53. Conclusions: These findings highlight novel therapeutic opportunities in mesothelioma

Additional file 5: of Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and their immunological function in response to tuberculosis infection

Figure S5. Immunofluorescence images showing the positive expression of Mφ lineage markers MHC-II in iPS-Mφ (A), THP-1-Mφ (B) and ES-Mφ (C). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI. Bar = 100 μm. (TIFF 1462 kb

Additional file 3: of Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and their immunological function in response to tuberculosis infection

Figure S3. Immunofluorescence images showing the positive expression of Mφ lineage markers CD40 in iPS-Mφ (A), THP-1-Mφ (B) and ES-Mφ (C). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI. Bar = 100 μm. (TIFF 1548 kb

Additional file 2: of Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and their immunological function in response to tuberculosis infection

Figure S2. Immunofluorescence images showing the positive expression of Mφ lineage markers CD14 in iPS-Mφ (A), THP-1-Mφ (B) and ES-Mφ (C). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI. Bar = 100 μm. (TIFF 1337 kb