424 research outputs found
Extreme eigenvalues of sample covariance matrices under generalized elliptical models with applications
We consider the extreme eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix
under the generalized elliptical model that Here
is a bounded positive definite deterministic matrix representing
the population covariance structure, is a random matrix
containing either independent columns sampled from the unit sphere in
or i.i.d. centered entries with variance and is a
diagonal random matrix containing i.i.d. entries and independent of Such a
model finds important applications in statistics and machine learning.
In this paper, assuming that and are comparably large, we prove that
the extreme edge eigenvalues of can have several types of distributions
depending on and asymptotically. These distributions include:
Gumbel, Fr\'echet, Weibull, Tracy-Widom, Gaussian and their mixtures. On the
one hand, when the random variables in have unbounded support, the edge
eigenvalues of can have either Gumbel or Fr\'echet distribution depending
on the tail decay property of On the other hand, when the random variables
in have bounded support, under some mild regularity assumptions on
the edge eigenvalues of can exhibit Weibull, Tracy-Widom,
Gaussian or their mixtures. Based on our theoretical results, we consider two
important applications. First, we propose some statistics and procedure to
detect and estimate the possible spikes for elliptically distributed data.
Second, in the context of a factor model, by using the multiplier bootstrap
procedure via selecting the weights in we propose a new algorithm to infer
and estimate the number of factors in the factor model. Numerical simulations
also confirm the accuracy and powerfulness of our proposed methods and
illustrate better performance compared to some existing methods in the
literature.Comment: 90 pages, 6 figures, some typos are correcte
Scale-wise Convolution for Image Restoration
While scale-invariant modeling has substantially boosted the performance of
visual recognition tasks, it remains largely under-explored in deep networks
based image restoration. Naively applying those scale-invariant techniques
(e.g. multi-scale testing, random-scale data augmentation) to image restoration
tasks usually leads to inferior performance. In this paper, we show that
properly modeling scale-invariance into neural networks can bring significant
benefits to image restoration performance. Inspired from spatial-wise
convolution for shift-invariance, "scale-wise convolution" is proposed to
convolve across multiple scales for scale-invariance. In our scale-wise
convolutional network (SCN), we first map the input image to the feature space
and then build a feature pyramid representation via bi-linear down-scaling
progressively. The feature pyramid is then passed to a residual network with
scale-wise convolutions. The proposed scale-wise convolution learns to
dynamically activate and aggregate features from different input scales in each
residual building block, in order to exploit contextual information on multiple
scales. In experiments, we compare the restoration accuracy and parameter
efficiency among our model and many different variants of multi-scale neural
networks. The proposed network with scale-wise convolution achieves superior
performance in multiple image restoration tasks including image
super-resolution, image denoising and image compression artifacts removal. Code
and models are available at: https://github.com/ychfan/scn_srComment: AAAI 202
Benzene Metabolite, Hydroquinone, Activates the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway in Trophoblasts
Introduction: Benzene is the 6th most produced chemical in the world and a major pollutant that has been shown to have adverse effects on pregnancy. We previously showed that maternal benzene exposure during pregnancy induces maternal immune activation and also leads to an increase in fetal reabsorptions. The molecular mechanism in which benzene induces these negative effects is poorly understood. Here we developed a cellular model of benzene exposure to understand the molecular effect of benzene on trophoblast cells. Specifically, cells were exposed hydroquinone, a major benzene metabolite, in order to determine the molecular mechanism behind the observed maternal immune activation during benzene exposure.
Method: Trophoblast cells (Sw.71) were exposed to 25μM of hydroquinone for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. Cells were collected at the time intervals specified above for RNA extraction and qPCR analysis.
Results: Our data has shown that: 1) hydroquinone treatment activates AhR pathway as CYP1A1 is significantly induced in trophoblast cells; 2) hydroquinone treatment leads to inflammation in the trophoblast cells, which is shown as the significant increase of IL-6 and IL1- gene expression 24 hours after treatment; 3) hydroquinone treatment has a major impact on the ER stress that we reveal increased CHOP expression as early as 2 hours and in the later time points. Additionally, we see an initial increase in BIP. However, BIP is decreased at 24 hours of hydroquinone treatment. This expression pattern suggests that ER stress is being induced after hydroquinone treatment in a short time. 4) hydroquinone treatment induces interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) 24 hours after treatment, such as ISG20, Mx1.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that exposure to the major benzene metabolite, hydroquinone, induces activation of the AhR pathway in trophoblast cells. Activation of this pathway is known to lead to inflammation and ER stress. These processes were observed here by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL1-) and transcription of genes associated with the unfolded protein response. Trophoblast cells exposed to hydroquinone also had higher levels of ISGs. The findings here suggest a potential molecular mechanism by which benzene and its metabolites exert detrimental effects on pregnancy
Key Information Retrieval to Classify the Unstructured Data Content of Preferential Trade Agreements
With the rapid proliferation of textual data, predicting long texts has
emerged as a significant challenge in the domain of natural language
processing. Traditional text prediction methods encounter substantial
difficulties when grappling with long texts, primarily due to the presence of
redundant and irrelevant information, which impedes the model's capacity to
capture pivotal insights from the text. To address this issue, we introduce a
novel approach to long-text classification and prediction. Initially, we employ
embedding techniques to condense the long texts, aiming to diminish the
redundancy therein. Subsequently,the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from
Transformers (BERT) embedding method is utilized for text classification
training. Experimental outcomes indicate that our method realizes considerable
performance enhancements in classifying long texts of Preferential Trade
Agreements. Furthermore, the condensation of text through embedding methods not
only augments prediction accuracy but also substantially reduces computational
complexity. Overall, this paper presents a strategy for long-text prediction,
offering a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the natural
language processing sphere.Comment: AI4TS Workshop@AAAI 2024 accepted publicatio
Species‐specific plant‐mediated effects between herbivores converge at high damage intensity
Plants are often exposed to multiple herbivores and densities of these attackers (or corresponding damage intensities) often fluctuate greatly in the field. Plant-mediated interactions vary among herbivore species and with changing feeding intensity, but little is known about how herbivore identity and density interact to determine plant responses and herbivore fitness. Here, we investigated this question using Triadica sebifera (tallow) and two common and abundant specialist insect herbivores, Bikasha collaris (flea beetle) and Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis (weevil). By manipulating densities of leaf-feeding adults of these two herbivore species, we tested how variations in the intensity of leaf damage caused by flea beetle or weevil adults affected the performance of root-feeding flea beetle larvae and evaluated the potential of induced tallow root traits to predict flea beetle larval performance. We found that weevil adults consistently decreased the survival of flea beetle larvae with increasing leaf damage intensities. In contrast, conspecific flea beetle adults increased their larval survival at low damage then decreased larval survival at high damage, resulting in a unimodal pattern. Chemical analyses showed that increasing leaf damage from weevil adults linearly decreased root carbohydrates and increased root tannin, whereas flea beetle adults had opposite effects as weevil adults at low damage and similar effects as them at high damage. Furthermore, across all feeding treatments, flea beetle larval survival correlated positively with concentrations of carbohydrates and negatively with concentration of tannin, suggesting that root primary and secondary metabolism might underlie the observed effects on flea beetle larvae. Our study demonstrates that herbivore identity and density interact to determine systemic plant responses and plant-mediated effects on herbivores. In particular, effects are species-specific at low densities, but converge at high densities. These findings emphasize the importance of considering herbivore identity and density simultaneously when investigating factors driving plant-mediated interactions between herbivores, which advances our understanding of the structure and composition of herbivore communities and terrestrial food webs
PASNet: Polynomial Architecture Search Framework for Two-party Computation-based Secure Neural Network Deployment
Two-party computation (2PC) is promising to enable privacy-preserving deep
learning (DL). However, the 2PC-based privacy-preserving DL implementation
comes with high comparison protocol overhead from the non-linear operators.
This work presents PASNet, a novel systematic framework that enables low
latency, high energy efficiency & accuracy, and security-guaranteed 2PC-DL by
integrating the hardware latency of the cryptographic building block into the
neural architecture search loss function. We develop a cryptographic hardware
scheduler and the corresponding performance model for Field Programmable Gate
Arrays (FPGA) as a case study. The experimental results demonstrate that our
light-weighted model PASNet-A and heavily-weighted model PASNet-B achieve 63 ms
and 228 ms latency on private inference on ImageNet, which are 147 and 40 times
faster than the SOTA CryptGPU system, and achieve 70.54% & 78.79% accuracy and
more than 1000 times higher energy efficiency.Comment: DAC 2023 accepeted publication, short version was published on AAAI
2023 workshop on DL-Hardware Co-Design for AI Acceleration: RRNet: Towards
ReLU-Reduced Neural Network for Two-party Computation Based Private Inferenc
Lifestyle interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial
ObjectiveTo examine the effects of lifestyle interventions, including dietary guidance, health education and weight management, on pregnancy outcomes in women at high risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodsOur study included 251 women at high risk of GDM and 128 randomized to lifestyle interventions (dietary guidance, health education, and weight management); One hundred and twenty-three people were randomly assigned to a control group (regular pregnancy check-ups). Counts between groups were compared using either chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.ResultsCompared with the control group, the risk of GDM was reduced by 46.9% (16.4% vs 30.9%, P = 0.007) and the risk of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) was reduced by 74.2% (2.3% vs 8.9%, P = 0.034) in the intervention group. There were no significant differences in macrosomia, cesarean section, or preterm birth (P >0.05).ConclusionThe lifestyle intervention in this study helped pregnant women to better understand knowledge related to pregnancy, reduce stress and anxiety, and increase intake of adequate prenatal nutrition. This intervention prevented metabolic abnormalities that may occur due to inadequate nutrient intake during pregnancy. In addition, it helped women to control weight gain, maintain appropriate weight gain during pregnancy, and reduce the risk of excessive or insufficient weight gain, ultimately lowering the incidence of GDM and PIH. This highlights the importance of early screening and intervention for high-risk pregnant women.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2300073766
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