Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine under Cold Fast Idle Conditions for Ethanol-Gasoline Blends

The engine out particular matter number (PN) distributions at engine coolant temperature (ECT) of 0° C to 40° C for ethanol/ gasoline blends (E0 to E85) have been measured for a direct-injection spark ignition engine under cold fast idle condition. For E10 to E85, PN increases modestly when the ECT is lowered. The distributions, however, are insensitive to the ethanol content of the fuel. The PN for E0 is substantially higher than the gasohol fuels at ECT below 20° C. The total PN values (obtained from integrating the PN distribution from 15 to 350 run) are approximately the same for all fuels (E0 to E85) when ECT is above 20° C. When ECT is decreased below 20° C, the total PN values for E10 to E85 increase modestly, and they are insensitive to the ethanol content. For E0, however, the total PN increases substantially. This sharp change in PN from E0 to E10 is confirmed by running the tests with E2.5 and E5. The midpoint of the transition occurs at approximately E5. Because the fuel evaporative property does not change substantially from E0 to E10, the significant change in PN is attributed to the particulate matter formation chemistry.Engine and Fuels Research Consortiu

Fomitiporia mediterranea Infecting Citrus Trees in Greece

In recent years a serious disease of citrus (the orange cv. Washington navel, lemon and the common mandarin grafted on sour orange rootstocks) has been observed in southern Greek orchards. Affected trees decline, their leaves become yellow and fall early, and shoots and twigs die as the damage expands towards the trunk. Crosssections of the trunks and large branches reveal a light-colored rot in the center, which is surrounded by brown hard necrotic wood. Symptoms start from pruned areas and spread to the rootstock wood, and then resemble esca of grapevine. From the white rotted areas, a fungus was isolated on PDA that formed cream-yellow to light-brown colonies with dense aerial mycelium. Fungal fruit-bodies formed abundantly on the trunks of diseased trees. The fungus was identified as Fomitiporia mediterranea by both traditional and molecular methods. Pathogenicity tests were performed by artificially inoculating orange, mandarin, lemon and sour orange trees with the fungus. Control holes were filled with two PDA plugs. Branches inoculated with the isolates from infected citrus showed wood discoloration that extended up to 20 cm above and 20 cm below the infection hole. The fungus was re-isolated from the discolored parts of the wood. Inoculations with isolates from grapevine and kiwi produced wood discoloration only 3– 4 mm around the holes

NELIOTA: The wide-field, high-cadence lunar monitoring system at the prime focus of the Kryoneri telescope

We present the technical specifications and first results of the ESA-funded, lunar monitoring project "NELIOTA" (NEO Lunar Impacts and Optical TrAnsients) at the National Observatory of Athens, which aims to determine the size-frequency distribution of small Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) via detection of impact flashes on the surface of the Moon. For the purposes of this project a twin camera instrument was specially designed and installed at the 1.2 m Kryoneri telescope utilizing the fast-frame capabilities of scientific Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor detectors (sCMOS). The system provides a wide field-of-view (17.0' $\times$ 14.4') and simultaneous observations in two photometric bands (R and I), reaching limiting magnitudes of 18.7 mag in 10 sec in both bands at a 2.5 signal-to-noise level. This makes it a unique instrument that can be used for the detection of NEO impacts on the Moon, as well as for any astronomy projects that demand high-cadence multicolor observations. The wide field-of-view ensures that a large portion of the Moon is observed, while the simultaneous, high-cadence, monitoring in two photometric bands makes possible, for the first time, the determination of the temperatures of the impacts on the Moon's surface and the validation of the impact flashes from a single site. Considering the varying background level on the Moon's surface we demonstrate that the NELIOTA system can detect NEO impact flashes at a 2.5 signal-to-noise level of ~12.4 mag in the I-band and R-band for observations made at low lunar phases ~0.1. We report 31 NEO impact flashes detected during the first year of the NELIOTA campaign. The faintest flash was at 11.24 mag in the R-band (about two magnitudes fainter than ever observed before) at lunar phase 0.32. Our observations suggest a detection rate of $1.96 \times 10^{-7}$ events $km^{-2} h^{-1}$.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops co-located with the Bolzano Summer of Knowledge (BOSK 2020)

B

Nanomaterials exposure as an occupational risk in metal additive manufacturing

Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a process of joining metallic materials based on 3D model data, aiming the manufacture of three dimensional parts by the successive addition of material, usually layer upon layer. This technology is nowadays seen as an emerging one, showing exceptional perspectives of growth, being able to produce parts in various materials such as precious metals (for example gold, silver and platinum) and several metal alloys, such as aluminium, titanium, nickel, cobalt and magnesium based alloys, among others. However, as the range of feedstock materials, technologies and applications increases, so do the concerns about its impact on health and safety of those who are exposed to the particles emitted during these processes, particularly when AM uses metal powder. Regarding emissions, studies thus far show that nanomaterials are emitted during AM processes, a fact that rises the concern about its impacts and enhances the complexity of risk management on these processes. When risk management aims nanoscale, it becomes a true challenge as it deals with several different nanomaterials and the lack of systematic and standardized risk assessment methodologies. At this scale, risk management raises many doubts regarding the selection of quantitative or qualitative approaches, the identification, characterization and quantification of nanomaterials, the definition of occupational exposure limits and the outlining of control measures. Having this conscience, a review was developed to summarize some of the recent developments in the field of risk management of occupational exposure to nanomaterials during metal additive manufacturing. Additionally, this review emphasizes the need for more investigation about risks regarding nanomaterials in workplaces, which is essential to ensure workers' safety conditions and preserve their health, as well as to make conscious decisions on risk assessment, public health, medical monitoring and control measures,- (undefined

A model of provenance applied to biodiversity datasets

Nowadays, the Web has become one of the main sources of biodiversity information. An increasing number of biodiversity research institutions add new specimens and their related information to their biological collections and make this information available on the Web. However, mechanisms which are currently available provide insufficient provenance of biodiversity information. In this paper, we propose a new biodiversity provenance model extending the W3C PROV Data Model. Biodiversity data is mapped to terms from relevant ontologies, such as Dublin Core and GeoSPARQL, stored in triple stores and queried using SPARQL endpoints. Additionally, we provide a use case using our provenance model to enrich collection data