Mean recall in terms of concept category and presence of agents.

<p>Participants recalled significantly more agents involving concepts in cultural schema-level and domain-level breaches condition, however this was not true for intuitive concepts (without breaches). The figure represents data averaged for immediate Recall 1 and immediate Recall 2. Error bars represent standard errors.</p

Surprise delayed recognition performance in terms of concept category and agent presence.

<p>Participants recalled significantly more agents-involving concepts in cultural schema-level and domain-level breaches condition; however this was not true for intuitive concepts (without breaches). Error bars represent standard errors.</p

Individual concepts pertaining to cultural schema-level violations, ontological violations, or intuitive ideas.

<p>Individual concepts pertaining to cultural schema-level violations, ontological violations, or intuitive ideas.</p

Mean monetary contributions.

<p>Table shows mean monetary contributions in conditions after removing zero contributions (in CZK).</p

Effects of ritual participation on self-reported affect and heart rates.

<p>Upper left panel: Effects of ritual involvement on physiological arousal (z-transformed heart rates measured in beats-per-minute). Lower left panel: Effects of ritual involvement and time on happiness. Upper right panel: Effect of ritual involvement and time on fatigue. Lower right panel: A female fire-walker stepping onto the fire. The individual pictured has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish this picture.</p

Group-level moralization of local deities appears to increase as a function of group-level material security.

<p>Note that the Hadza are missing due to difficulty with scale items and the Lovu are missing due to a lack of local deity data. This figure illustrates how aggregate, group-level patterns can be misleading for individual-level inferences. Compare this to the null effects in the Local Deity block in Fig 2 and Table D in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>.</p

Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.

<p>Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.</p

90% credibility intervals of mean estimates for factors predicting achieved fertility (Model 1 in Table 2).

<p>Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative.</p

Mean estimates and 90% credibility intervals for the levels of moral concern, knowledge breadth, punishment, and self-reported devotional ritual frequency attributed to moralistic (<i>a</i>) and local (<i>b</i>) deities as a function of food security, years of formal education and number of children.

<p>These results hold participant sex and age constant. All values are from the results tables taken from the full models in Tables D-G in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>. The end points of histograms are mean estimates. We include them for easier visual comparison of relative direction and distance from zero. Narrower error bars indicate more precise estimates. Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative. Error bar symmetry around zero indicates no reliable effect; we found no evidence supporting any of the target predictions about religion.</p

Descriptive statistics of each field site.

<p>Descriptive statistics of each field site.</p