12 research outputs found
Guided âLegislEUlabâ on the Drafting of Multilingual Legal Provisions in the EU: Concept of the Cologne Summer School for European Legal Linguistics
(Beitrag 5. EuropĂ€isches Symposium zur VerstĂ€ndlichkeit von Rechtsvorschriften des Bundesministeriums der Justiz und fĂŒr Verbraucherschutz)
Legal training at German universities does not cover the practicalities and challenges of lawmaking. The innovative concept of the Cologne Summer School for European Legal Linguistics âLegislEUlabâ encompasses the transdisciplinary teaching, simulation and analysis of the EU legislative procedure. The participants are students of law and translation from various EU Member States. In mixed teams, they prepare their own drafts, implementing the materials of a current proposal for an EU legislative act. They develop an awareness and deeper understanding of linguistic structure, multilingual drafting and its legal effects, comprehensibility of legal provisions and their interpretation and application
Overexpression of HSP70 in mouse skeletal muscle protects against muscle damage and ageârelated muscle dysfunction
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154339/1/fsb2fj030395fje-sup-0001.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154339/2/fsb2fj030395fje.pd
Effect of lifelong overexpression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle on ageârelated oxidative stress and adaptation after nondamaging contractile activity
[EN] Skeletal muscle aging is characterized by
atrophy, a deficit in specific force generation, increased
susceptibility to injury, and incomplete recovery after
severe injury. The ability of muscles of old mice to
produce heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to
stress is severely diminished. Studies in our laboratory
using HSP70 overexpressor mice demonstrated that
lifelong overexpression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle
provided protection against damage and facilitated
successful recovery after damage in muscles of old
mice. The mechanisms by which HSP70 provides this
protection are unclear. Aging is associated with the
accumulation of oxidation products, and it has been
proposed that this may play a major role in age-related
muscle dysfunction. Muscles of old wild-type (WT)
mice demonstrated increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione content, increased catalase and
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and an inability
to activate nuclear factor (NF)- B after contractions in
comparison with adult WT mice. In contrast, levels of
lipid peroxidation, glutathione content, and the activities of catalase and SOD in muscles of old HSP70
overexpressor mice were similar to adult mice and
these muscles also maintained the ability to activate
NF- B after contractions. These data provide an explanation for the preservation of muscle function in old
HSP70 overexpressor mice.âBroome, C. S., Kayani,
A. C., Palomero, J., Dillmann, W. H., Mestril, R.,
Jackson, M. J., McArdle, A. Effect of lifelong overexpression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle on age-related
oxidative stress and adaptation after nondamaging contractile activity
(Data) Altruism and the Law
The paper provides an overview of current conceptions and discussions on altruism in philosophy and law as well as an introduction to the linguistic history of the term. We first examine philosophical debates surrounding the definition and normative desirability of altruism and conclude that while none of the debates can be conclusively resolved, that there is a social phenomenon that can plausibly be called âaltruismâ and that powerful arguments speak in favour of such behaviour. We argue that even under (hard) positivism, philosophical perspectives influence both the making and the interpretation of law. In light of that, we investigate how altruism can be incorporated by law, both in theory and practice, using examples from German and EU law. Subsequently, the linguistic history of the term "altruism" is explored, finding that it is a deliberate French neologism from the early 19th century that has become an internationalism adopted into many languages. The term âdata-altruismâ as a novel compound was likely coined by Intel in 2013 in the context of medical research. The European Commission has transferred this term to a broader legal context in the European Data Strategy and later in the new Data Governance Act (DGA). We then combine our philosophical, legal and linguistic insights to evaluate this novel concept of "data altruism" and its reception in the academic literature. We conclude that lawmakers need to clearly define what type of behaviour they refer to with the term âaltruismâ analyse the motivational structure underpinning the behaviour in question as well as its practical effects. Even though the published reasoning for the inclusion of âData Altruismâ into the DGA has been insufficient in that regard, we believe that it represents a sensible regulatory strategy that may set the tone for the future data economy and foster wider availability of data