Influence of education and knowledge on perceptions and practices to control malaria in Southeast Nigeria.

The study was undertaken in southeastern Nigeria to investigate whether the people's level of education and what they know about malaria affects how they seek treatment and prevention for the disease. Pre-tested questionnaires were used to collect data from randomly selected householders and analysed using logistic regression. Higher levels of education were associated with improved knowledge and practice about the appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of malaria. The results thus indicate that education can have a positive impact on the malaria burden and medium/long-term improvement of overall literacy rates. As well as this, short-term health education campaigns about the causes, manifestations and control of malaria will have a positive impact on its control

Examining catastrophic costs and benefit incidence of subsidized antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme in south-east Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the extent to which costs of subsidized antiretrovirals treatment (ART) programmes are catastrophic and the benefit incidence that accrues to different population groups. METHODS: Data on expenditures to patients for receiving treatment from a government subsidized ART clinic was collected using a questionnaire. The patient costs excluded time and other indirect costs. Catastrophic cost was determined as the percentage of total expenditure on ART treatment as a proportion of household non-food expenditures on essential items. RESULTS: On average, patients spent 990 Naira (US$8.3) on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs per month. They also spent an average of$8.2 on other drugs per month. However, people that bought ARV drugs from elsewhere other than the ART clinic spent an average of $88.8 per month. Patients spent an average of$95.1 on laboratory tests per month. Subsidized ARV drugs depleted 9.8% of total household expenditure, other drugs (e.g. for opportunistic infections) depleted 9.7%, ARV drugs from elsewhere depleted 105%, investigations depleted 112.9% and total expenditure depleted 243.2%. The level of catastrophe was generally more with females, rural dwellers and most poor patients. Females and urbanites had more benefit incidence than males and rural dwellers. CONCLUSION: Subsidized ART programme lowers the cost of ARV drugs but other major costs are still incurred, which make the overall cost of accessing and consuming ART treatment to be excessive and catastrophic. The costs of laboratory tests and other drugs should be subsidized and there should also be targeting of ART programme to ensure that more rural dwellers and the most-poor people have increased benefit incidence

Pendidikan Multikultural Sekolah Dasar di Wilayah 3t

Masyarakat di wilayah perbatasan tidak hanya diperhadapkan dengan isu eksploitasi ekonomi dan sumber alam namun juga terjadinya kesenjangan sosial karena tidak meratanya pembangunan. Adanya kecenderungan bahwa ketika kelompok lain tidak kompatibel, beda ideologi atau pilihan politik maka respon sosial cenderung negatif, berprasangka jahat (prejudice) bahkan tindakan anarkis. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif fenomenologis dengan mengkaji fenomena faktual masyarakat multikultural Kabupaten Sintang di wilayah Sektor Timur Kalimantan Barat. Data dianalisis menggunakan kajian pustaka. Hasil riset ini adalah pendidikan multikultural dapat tumbuh dan hidup di sekolah dasar pedalaman dan wilayah 3T jika warga sekolah a) Membiasakan untuk tidak berpikir dan berperilaku diskriminatif; b) Memahami persepsi orang lain; c) Menghindari stereotipe; dan d) Mengembangkan kesetaraan dan keadilan sosial

A survey of the School Housing Needs in Ellensburg, Washington

The improvement of school environment presents a different problem in each school. The problem facing the Ellensburg School District is one of providing more and better school housing. The purpose of this survey is to find out the condition of the present buildings, to make recommendations for improvements and alterations to the existing structures, to point out the needs for future building expansion. This survey is based on the results of an actual school census undertaken during November of this year

In vivo antioxidant assessment of two antimalarial plants-Allamamda cathartica and Bixa orellana

Objective: To determine the free radical scavenging potentials pytochemical ethanol leaves extracts of Allamanda cathartica (A. cathartica) and Bixa orellana ( Bc.o onrsetliltaunean)t sa nodf tahdums itnhiestier reefdfe actt s5 0in m agn/tmimLa, l1a0r0ia ml agc/mtivLi taiensd. M200e tmhgo/dmsL: Btoo tAh lbetihnaon roalt se xatnradc ttheden p aladnmt isnaimstperleesd wweitrhe CwCitlh4 at 1 mL/kg body weight, in liquid paraffin (1:1, v/v) for 2 days (negative control) and compared reacti5v%e Tsuwbesetna n8c0e s(p lacebo) and vitamin E (positive control) pretreatments. Thiobarbituric acid tissues were assessed(T. BRAeRsSu)l,t sg:l utathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activities in blood and liver decreased In CCl4 treated rats, TBARS levels significantly increased, while and GSH and CAT levels were recorded for both plant extracts. Generally, higher TBARS for GSH values were recorded for blood than for liver homogenates; with reverse trend observed leveClsA Ts imleivlealr. tIon ctroecaospehde crooln centrations of A. cathartica extract recorded significant antioxidant for both species; alkaloids i(nvi tAa.m ciant hEa).r tRicead uacnidn gt esrupgeanros,i dssa pino nBin. so, rfellalvaonnao.i dCso wnecrleu srieocnosr:d eAd. cathartica, possess phytochemicals that recorded significant antioxidative defense activities for brelosuodlt sa.n

Fan Speed Control of Processor Based On Environmental Temperature

Temperature is a physical property that is an essential part of life and Maintaining control of it is of paramount importance to man. Temperature is measured with various types of measuring instruments. But beyond the need to measure temperature, it must also be controlled and monitored. In an industrial setting with heavy equipment that need a round the clock cooling system so as to perform optimally without breakdown, it is important to have a mechanism that monitors the temperature situation, one that can detect the slightest threat to the condition of the systems as regards temperature change. Also temperature control can be used in personal computers to prevent overheating of the processor. This work involves sensing the temperature level of an environment and if a temperature out of range is detected, the fan speed increases to maximum. W hen the temperature drops below a threshold again, the fans are turned back off. The circuit is designed using a temperature sensor that is a thermistor. The temperature transducer is used to sense the temperature of the environment at that point in time and an indication shown on an LED

On the Implementation of IP Video Surveillance Systems

Research breakthroughs in areas like the Integrated Circuits technology, Digital Signal Processing and the growing implications of the convergence of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) based on the Internet Protocol has in turn had a great effect on the trends in the video surveillance industry and market. With the rising spate of crime and security challenges all over the world, there is a very urgent need for comprehensive security and surveillance solutions to augment human resources and efforts. The traditional CCTV systems which are analog based are now being replaced by Internet Protocol (IP) cameras or network video surveillance systems due to the growing availability of faster and cheap broadband internet access. There is continuous activity in the industry as manufacturing companies introduce products with better functionalities to survive in the keenly competitive market. The implications of the implementation of network cameras are numerous to companies, business enterprises, government corporations and even individuals. This paper therefore focuses on reviewing past, present and future trends in the IP video surveillance world as regards to technology and market developments with the aim of recommending it as a tool for optimum efficiency for security agencie