Modeling and Experimental Validation of the Intrinsic SNR in Spin Qubit Gate-Based Readout and Its Impacts on Readout Electronics

In semiconductor spin quantum bits (qubits), the radio-frequency (RF) gate-based readout is a promising solution for future large-scale integration, as it allows for a fast, frequency-multiplexed readout architecture, enabling multiple qubits to be read out simultaneously. This article introduces a theoretical framework to evaluate the effect of various parameters, such as the readout probe power, readout chain's noise performance, and integration time on the intrinsic readout signal-to-noise ratio, and thus readout fidelity of RF gate-based readout systems. By analyzing the underlying physics of spin qubits during readout, this work proposes a qubit readout model that takes into account the qubit's quantum mechanical properties, providing a way to evaluate the tradeoffs among the aforementioned parameters. The validity of the proposed model is evaluated by comparing the simulation and experimental results. The proposed analytical approach, the developed model, and the experimental results enable designers to optimize the entire readout chain effectively, thus leading to a faster, lower power readout system with integrated cryogenic electronics.QCD/Babaie LabQCD/Vandersypen LabQuantum Circuit Architectures and TechnologyQN/Vandersypen LabElectronic

Coherent Spin-Spin Coupling Mediated by Virtual Microwave Photons

We report the coherent coupling of two electron spins at a distance via virtual microwave photons. Each spin is trapped in a silicon double quantum dot at either end of a superconducting resonator, achieving spin-photon couplings up to around gs/2p=40 MHz. As the two spins are brought into resonance with each other, but detuned from the photons, an avoided crossing larger than the spin linewidths is observed with an exchange splitting around 2J/2p=20 MHz. In addition, photon-number states are resolved from the shift 2?s/2p=-13 MHz that they induce on the spin frequency. These observations demonstrate that we reach the strong dispersive regime of circuit quantum electrodynamics with spins. Achieving spin-spin coupling without real photons is essential to long-range two-qubit gates between spin qubits and scalable networks of spin qubits on a chip. QCD/Vandersypen LabQuTechBUS/TNO STAFFQCD/Scappucci LabQN/Vandersypen La

On-chip microwave filters for high-impedance resonators with gate-defined quantum dots

Circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED) employs superconducting microwave resonators as quantum buses. In circuit QED with semiconductor quantum-dot-based qubits, increasing the resonator impedance is desirable as it enhances the coupling to the typically small charge dipole moment of these qubits. However, the gate electrodes necessary to form quantum dots in the vicinity of a resonator inadvertently lead to a parasitic port through which microwave photons can leak, thereby reducing the quality factor of the resonator. This is particularly the case for high-impedance resonators, as the ratio of their total capacitance over the parasitic port capacitance is smaller, leading to larger microwave leakage than for 50-ω resonators. Here, we introduce an implementation of on-chip filters to suppress the microwave leakage. The filters comprise a high-kinetic-inductance nanowire inductor and a thin-film capacitor. The filter has a small footprint and can be placed close to the resonator, confining microwaves to a small area of the chip. The inductance and capacitance of the filter elements can be varied over a wider range of values than their typical spiral inductor and interdigitated capacitor counterparts. We demonstrate that the total linewidth of a 6.4 GHz and approximately 3-kω resonator can be improved down to 540 kHz using these filters.QCD/Vandersypen LabQuTechBusiness DevelopmentQCD/Scappucci LabQN/Vandersypen La

Tuning and Probing the Distribution of Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ Trap States Responsible for Broad-Band Photoluminescence in CuInS₂ Nanocrystals

The processes that govern radiative recombination in ternary CuInS2 (CIS) nanocrystals (NCs) have been heavily debated, but recently, several research groups have come to the same conclusion that a photoexcited electron recombines with a localized hole on a Cu-related trap state. Furthermore, it has been observed that single CIS NCs display narrower photoluminescence (PL) line widths than the ensemble, which led to the conclusion that within the ensemble there is a distribution of Cu-related trap states responsible for PL. In this work, we probe this trap-state distribution with in situ photoluminescence spectroelectrochemistry. We find that Cu2+ states result in individual "dark" nanocrystals, whereas Cu+ states result in "bright" NCs. Furthermore, we show that we can tune the PL position, intensity, and line width in a cyclic fashion by injecting or removing electrons from the trap-state distribution, thereby converting a subset of "dark" Cu2+ containing NCs into "bright" Cu+ containing NCs and vice versa. The electrochemical injection of electrons results in brightening, broadening, and a red shift of the PL, in line with the activation of a broad distribution of "dark" NCs (Cu2+ states) into "bright" NCs (Cu+ states) and a rise of the Fermi level within the ensemble trap-state distribution. The opposite trend is observed for electrochemical oxidation of Cu+ states into Cu2+. Our work shows that there is a direct correlation between the line width of the ensemble Cu+/Cu2+ trap-state distribution and the characteristic broad-band PL feature of CIS NCs and between Cu2+ cations in the photoexcited state (bright) and in the electrochemically oxidized ground state (dark).ChemE/Opto-electronic MaterialsApplied SciencesBN/Technici en Analiste

A 6-to-8GHz 0.17mW/Qubit Cryo-CMOS Receiver for Multiple Spin Qubit Readout in 40nm CMOS Technology

Quantum computers (QC) promise to solve certain computational problems exponentially faster than a classical computer due to the superposition and entanglement properties of quantum bits (qubits). Among several qubit technologies, spin qubits are a promising candidate for large-scale QC, since (1) they have a small footprint allowing them to be densely integrated and (2) they can operate at relatively high temperatures (\gt1\mathrm{K}) [1], potentially reducing system cost and complexity.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.QCD/Sebastiano LabQCD/Vandersypen LabElectronicsQCD/Scappucci LabQuantum Circuit Architectures and TechnologyQN/Vandersypen La